0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:30,000 Dear viewer, these subtitles were generated by a machine via the service Trint and therefore are (very) buggy. If you are capable, please help us to create good quality subtitles: https://c3subtitles.de/talk/725 Thanks! 1 00:00:14,390 --> 00:00:16,969 So our next speaker is Marcus Landgrab, 2 00:00:16,970 --> 00:00:18,319 who currently works for the European 3 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:20,389 Space Agency ESA, you 4 00:00:20,390 --> 00:00:21,469 might have heard of them. They're like 5 00:00:21,470 --> 00:00:22,489 the NASA of Europe. 6 00:00:23,660 --> 00:00:26,239 He's going to talk about space elevators 7 00:00:26,240 --> 00:00:27,889 because, you know, the rocket equation is 8 00:00:27,890 --> 00:00:30,439 pretty it's pretty unforgiving. 9 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:32,149 And the drive doesn't really get you out 10 00:00:32,150 --> 00:00:33,259 of gravity wells. 11 00:00:33,260 --> 00:00:35,359 So we might need a space elevator. 12 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:36,920 Please welcome our speaker. 13 00:00:48,670 --> 00:00:50,169 Thank you. 14 00:00:50,170 --> 00:00:52,299 Who have you have heard of the space 15 00:00:52,300 --> 00:00:53,300 elevator? 16 00:00:55,660 --> 00:00:57,159 Who have you believe? 17 00:00:57,160 --> 00:00:59,469 Keep your hands up. Keep your hands up. 18 00:00:59,470 --> 00:01:01,269 Who have you believes to see a space 19 00:01:01,270 --> 00:01:02,439 elevator in their lifetime? 20 00:01:04,090 --> 00:01:05,769 All right. OK, I get the picture. 21 00:01:05,770 --> 00:01:07,899 So most of you have heard about 22 00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:10,269 the space elevator and about 23 00:01:10,270 --> 00:01:12,489 half, I would guess, 24 00:01:12,490 --> 00:01:14,769 believe it would become reality. 25 00:01:14,770 --> 00:01:16,839 So I would like to make it extra 26 00:01:16,840 --> 00:01:18,849 real for you tonight. 27 00:01:18,850 --> 00:01:21,819 It's about as real as it gets, I believe, 28 00:01:21,820 --> 00:01:23,379 because I'm going to talk about the 29 00:01:23,380 --> 00:01:24,430 elevator to the moon 30 00:01:25,990 --> 00:01:28,269 since I'm also a representative 31 00:01:28,270 --> 00:01:30,699 of ESA. I would also like to talk about 32 00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:32,889 what ESA does today to go 33 00:01:32,890 --> 00:01:34,989 to the moon and why to 34 00:01:34,990 --> 00:01:37,299 go to the moon. So let me give 35 00:01:37,300 --> 00:01:39,190 just a quick overview on 36 00:01:40,690 --> 00:01:43,119 why and how one, 37 00:01:43,120 --> 00:01:45,399 anyone can get to the moon and then talk 38 00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:47,499 about why ESA goes to the 39 00:01:47,500 --> 00:01:49,589 moon today or 40 00:01:49,590 --> 00:01:51,219 how we actually do that. 41 00:01:51,220 --> 00:01:53,409 And then we come to the really 42 00:01:53,410 --> 00:01:55,599 the the core of the talk, which is 43 00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:57,759 beyond rockets, going beyond rockets. 44 00:01:57,760 --> 00:01:59,379 And of course, that's the elevator. 45 00:01:59,380 --> 00:02:01,329 And then talk about benefits because 46 00:02:02,720 --> 00:02:04,479 you're a big community, you are very 47 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:06,219 successful community. 48 00:02:06,220 --> 00:02:08,168 What draws you here? 49 00:02:08,169 --> 00:02:10,299 But what really draws you here is the 50 00:02:10,300 --> 00:02:12,069 benefits that drive you. 51 00:02:12,070 --> 00:02:14,769 Everybody, every one of you has 52 00:02:14,770 --> 00:02:16,989 is looking for benefits, for fun, 53 00:02:16,990 --> 00:02:19,269 for knowledge, for 54 00:02:20,410 --> 00:02:21,639 meeting people. 55 00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:23,919 And the community is really exists 56 00:02:23,920 --> 00:02:26,049 because you draw benefits from it. 57 00:02:26,050 --> 00:02:28,209 And that's also true for anything 58 00:02:28,210 --> 00:02:30,189 that we try to do in society. 59 00:02:30,190 --> 00:02:32,559 And space exploration is part of that. 60 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:34,359 And that brings me to the final point, 61 00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:35,859 which is the community. I would also like 62 00:02:35,860 --> 00:02:37,929 to share a couple of links with you 63 00:02:37,930 --> 00:02:40,119 that will enable you to engage in 64 00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:42,429 the space elevator in lunar exploration 65 00:02:42,430 --> 00:02:44,560 in general and with ESA, of course. 66 00:02:45,940 --> 00:02:47,619 All right. Enough said about the 67 00:02:47,620 --> 00:02:49,030 overview. So why the moon? 68 00:02:51,550 --> 00:02:53,289 This is a little fun bit that I put 69 00:02:53,290 --> 00:02:55,249 together and I would just read it to you. 70 00:02:55,250 --> 00:02:57,399 I will not comment on it because 71 00:02:57,400 --> 00:03:00,519 it is a bit the folklore about 72 00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:03,129 space and the moon, 73 00:03:03,130 --> 00:03:04,929 and you can form your own opinion about 74 00:03:04,930 --> 00:03:05,859 those things. 75 00:03:05,860 --> 00:03:08,649 Some of them. I will also talk 76 00:03:08,650 --> 00:03:10,389 during my talk today. 77 00:03:10,390 --> 00:03:12,579 So there's this famous guy by the name of 78 00:03:12,580 --> 00:03:14,469 the casing who, of course, says that 79 00:03:14,470 --> 00:03:16,869 Apollo was filmed in a Hollywood studio. 80 00:03:20,650 --> 00:03:23,109 Everybody who likes to watch 81 00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:25,329 British animated films 82 00:03:25,330 --> 00:03:27,549 knows Wallace and Gromit, and they insist 83 00:03:27,550 --> 00:03:29,499 that the moon is made of cheese, which 84 00:03:29,500 --> 00:03:30,879 solves that cracker problem. 85 00:03:32,950 --> 00:03:34,269 Of course, you all know the Apollo 86 00:03:34,270 --> 00:03:36,699 program that ended in 1972. 87 00:03:36,700 --> 00:03:38,649 So there is an issue of the TIME magazine 88 00:03:38,650 --> 00:03:40,779 that says soon 89 00:03:40,780 --> 00:03:42,999 robots will be intelligent so there 90 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:45,180 is no need to risk human lives. 91 00:03:48,070 --> 00:03:50,379 2010, President Obama said 92 00:03:51,820 --> 00:03:53,949 while talking about his vision 93 00:03:53,950 --> 00:03:56,049 on the space program that we have 94 00:03:56,050 --> 00:03:57,370 been there before. 95 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:00,319 And I will leave that without any 96 00:04:00,320 --> 00:04:01,320 comments. 97 00:04:02,450 --> 00:04:04,519 And there's another nice movie by the 98 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:07,459 name of Aaryn Sky and 99 00:04:07,460 --> 00:04:08,489 and that movie. 100 00:04:08,490 --> 00:04:09,919 Yeah, I like to. 101 00:04:13,430 --> 00:04:14,869 And then, of course, in that movie, you 102 00:04:14,870 --> 00:04:17,028 have President Sarah Palin 103 00:04:17,029 --> 00:04:18,979 and she says that who are these guys 104 00:04:18,980 --> 00:04:23,119 anyway? Nazis from the moon, Wahaha. 105 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:24,979 So so this is, I think, very 106 00:04:24,980 --> 00:04:27,049 inspirational folklore about the moon. 107 00:04:27,050 --> 00:04:29,359 Let's get to the to the real 108 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:31,729 thing, why we explore 109 00:04:31,730 --> 00:04:32,869 space. 110 00:04:32,870 --> 00:04:35,899 Now, if I say we I always 111 00:04:35,900 --> 00:04:38,179 am in these talks with ESA, I'm always 112 00:04:38,180 --> 00:04:40,549 talking about us Europeans. 113 00:04:40,550 --> 00:04:42,619 But the European idea is bigger 114 00:04:42,620 --> 00:04:45,049 than Europe. So so let's just 115 00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:47,060 feel as Europeans for a minute, 116 00:04:48,320 --> 00:04:50,629 because the moon is in our exploration 117 00:04:50,630 --> 00:04:52,849 DNA. We Europeans are 118 00:04:52,850 --> 00:04:54,230 explorers. And I just 119 00:04:55,430 --> 00:04:57,799 visited my hometown of CUSA in 120 00:04:57,800 --> 00:04:59,600 Hessen, south of here 121 00:05:00,950 --> 00:05:03,469 a couple of last days, and 122 00:05:03,470 --> 00:05:05,359 I took a picture there in a museum. 123 00:05:05,360 --> 00:05:08,149 And that's a picture of 18th century 124 00:05:08,150 --> 00:05:09,530 artist scientist 125 00:05:10,730 --> 00:05:12,949 who made you observe the total eclipse 126 00:05:12,950 --> 00:05:14,299 of the moon. 127 00:05:14,300 --> 00:05:16,429 And he did that under contract of 128 00:05:16,430 --> 00:05:17,959 a nobleman in CUSA 129 00:05:19,070 --> 00:05:21,229 who sponsored 130 00:05:21,230 --> 00:05:23,179 artists, scientists to come to his court 131 00:05:23,180 --> 00:05:25,279 and teach about science. 132 00:05:25,280 --> 00:05:27,529 So already, two hundred years ago 133 00:05:27,530 --> 00:05:30,019 and even earlier, we have been really 134 00:05:30,020 --> 00:05:32,569 engaged in science because we understand 135 00:05:32,570 --> 00:05:35,449 this is part of our cultural heritage. 136 00:05:35,450 --> 00:05:37,969 Actually, this 137 00:05:37,970 --> 00:05:40,759 nobleman is the grand grand grandson 138 00:05:40,760 --> 00:05:42,929 of another nobleman who hired 139 00:05:42,930 --> 00:05:45,589 the Swiss guy to come also to CASA 140 00:05:45,590 --> 00:05:47,719 to measure the position of the stars 141 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:49,849 in the sky at the time, 142 00:05:49,850 --> 00:05:52,069 a very difficult undertaking 143 00:05:52,070 --> 00:05:54,139 because the sky, the stars move 144 00:05:54,140 --> 00:05:56,059 in the sky due to the Earth's rotation. 145 00:05:56,060 --> 00:05:58,459 So you have to know the time very 146 00:05:58,460 --> 00:06:00,469 well. If you want to tell what is the 147 00:06:00,470 --> 00:06:02,479 position of a star, because it's if you 148 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:03,999 don't know the time, it's moving all, 149 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:05,209 all, all the time. 150 00:06:06,350 --> 00:06:08,539 So this guy used Bourgie, 151 00:06:08,540 --> 00:06:10,759 made a clock and that 152 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:12,879 clock was so precise and 153 00:06:12,880 --> 00:06:15,559 it needed a third indicator, 154 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:18,529 which was the indicator for the second. 155 00:06:18,530 --> 00:06:20,779 So the second the time unit second was 156 00:06:20,780 --> 00:06:22,789 invented in my hometown of customers. 157 00:06:22,790 --> 00:06:24,689 Not many people know that. 158 00:06:24,690 --> 00:06:26,569 And that shows that exploration is not 159 00:06:26,570 --> 00:06:28,999 only in our DNA, but it is also 160 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:30,679 to our benefit, because without the 161 00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:32,779 second hand on our watches, 162 00:06:32,780 --> 00:06:34,279 we would be in trouble. Now, these days 163 00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:35,280 we don't need them anymore. 164 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:38,659 But but it tells 165 00:06:38,660 --> 00:06:40,939 you that our everyday life is really much 166 00:06:40,940 --> 00:06:43,639 inspired by inspiration 167 00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:45,439 and inspired by exploration. 168 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:47,749 Of course, another 169 00:06:47,750 --> 00:06:49,279 reason why we should go to the moon is 170 00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:51,769 discoveries now a little bit arguing 171 00:06:51,770 --> 00:06:54,019 against President Obama. 172 00:06:54,020 --> 00:06:55,219 We have not been there. 173 00:06:55,220 --> 00:06:57,379 We have been in a couple of places which 174 00:06:57,380 --> 00:06:58,429 are very special, 175 00:06:59,810 --> 00:07:01,819 but the moon is largely unexplored 176 00:07:01,820 --> 00:07:02,929 country. 177 00:07:02,930 --> 00:07:05,179 There's a nice book by Arlene 178 00:07:05,180 --> 00:07:06,649 Cross University Press. 179 00:07:06,650 --> 00:07:09,289 You can get it for cheap on any 180 00:07:09,290 --> 00:07:11,749 even as you book. I believe that beside 181 00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:13,849 him there 182 00:07:13,850 --> 00:07:16,069 is a new moon. Many of the most dramatic 183 00:07:16,070 --> 00:07:18,229 recent discoveries in planetary science 184 00:07:18,230 --> 00:07:19,230 are lunar. 185 00:07:20,030 --> 00:07:22,279 Only in the past few years has lunar 186 00:07:22,280 --> 00:07:25,249 exploration accelerated again, and many 187 00:07:25,250 --> 00:07:27,379 do not realize how rapidly our 188 00:07:27,380 --> 00:07:29,899 knowledge of the moon is changing. 189 00:07:29,900 --> 00:07:31,819 Have just put the two pictures here that 190 00:07:31,820 --> 00:07:33,709 are from recent observations of the moon. 191 00:07:33,710 --> 00:07:35,839 The upper right one is 192 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:38,479 a hole that was punctured by a meteorite 193 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:40,759 in the roof of a cave on the moon 194 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:44,869 and the underground world of the moon. 195 00:07:44,870 --> 00:07:47,299 We have no idea what's inside there. 196 00:07:47,300 --> 00:07:49,069 And of course, the first idea that comes 197 00:07:49,070 --> 00:07:50,899 to everybody's mind is we could live 198 00:07:50,900 --> 00:07:53,029 there. We could be protected from 199 00:07:53,030 --> 00:07:55,429 meteorites and from 200 00:07:55,430 --> 00:07:56,539 solar radiation. 201 00:07:58,340 --> 00:08:00,799 The lower image 202 00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:01,800 is in this 203 00:08:02,870 --> 00:08:05,299 very mysterious region is called enough. 204 00:08:05,300 --> 00:08:07,339 And Einer is apparently the tip of a 205 00:08:07,340 --> 00:08:09,709 volcano, ancient volcano that 206 00:08:09,710 --> 00:08:11,849 blew away this dusty 207 00:08:11,850 --> 00:08:13,249 lid of the moon. 208 00:08:13,250 --> 00:08:15,109 So what you see here, this more bright 209 00:08:15,110 --> 00:08:17,569 stuff is probably the real surface 210 00:08:17,570 --> 00:08:19,339 of the moon while the rest of the real 211 00:08:19,340 --> 00:08:21,589 surface is still hidden under this 212 00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:23,989 dusty, little bit more dark, 213 00:08:23,990 --> 00:08:26,299 what people call the regolith. 214 00:08:26,300 --> 00:08:28,789 So there's so much more to explore. 215 00:08:28,790 --> 00:08:30,559 And certainly if aliens would come to 216 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:32,359 Earth and would take a couple of samples 217 00:08:32,360 --> 00:08:34,489 in the Sahara Desert and some in the Gobi 218 00:08:34,490 --> 00:08:36,649 Desert, they could not claim that 219 00:08:36,650 --> 00:08:38,719 they've been on Earth and have explored 220 00:08:38,720 --> 00:08:39,720 Earth completely. 221 00:08:41,390 --> 00:08:44,109 So here's a philosophical 222 00:08:44,110 --> 00:08:46,249 take on it. And because it's philosophy, 223 00:08:46,250 --> 00:08:47,480 it has a lot of text 224 00:08:49,310 --> 00:08:50,449 and will not read that. 225 00:08:50,450 --> 00:08:52,159 I will ask you to read it after the talk 226 00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:53,779 and then report back to me what you take 227 00:08:53,780 --> 00:08:54,780 from it. 228 00:08:55,430 --> 00:08:57,499 Now, I will just say the 229 00:08:57,500 --> 00:08:58,519 basic idea. 230 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:00,109 So there are two school of thoughts. 231 00:09:00,110 --> 00:09:02,179 One school of thought says there's limits 232 00:09:02,180 --> 00:09:03,329 to growth. 233 00:09:03,330 --> 00:09:05,659 Earth will run out of resources soon. 234 00:09:05,660 --> 00:09:08,269 So we better be very 235 00:09:08,270 --> 00:09:09,979 careful with them and the other school of 236 00:09:09,980 --> 00:09:12,409 thought, which is much less famous. 237 00:09:12,410 --> 00:09:14,599 Says there there's a limitless 238 00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:16,309 amount of resources because we are 239 00:09:16,310 --> 00:09:18,409 connected to the universe and 240 00:09:18,410 --> 00:09:19,549 the letter one is called The 241 00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:21,349 Extraterrestrial Imperative, was 242 00:09:21,350 --> 00:09:23,819 formulated first time by Cruft Ellika, 243 00:09:23,820 --> 00:09:26,089 a German philosopher philosopher who was 244 00:09:26,090 --> 00:09:29,029 also part of the team of the Fondren 245 00:09:29,030 --> 00:09:30,739 engineering team that went to the United 246 00:09:30,740 --> 00:09:32,509 States to build the moonwalk. 247 00:09:32,510 --> 00:09:35,029 And he basically says nature 248 00:09:35,030 --> 00:09:37,459 has shown to us that whenever 249 00:09:37,460 --> 00:09:39,859 there is a limit, evolution 250 00:09:39,860 --> 00:09:41,689 will overcome that limit. 251 00:09:41,690 --> 00:09:43,489 And he gives the example of 252 00:09:43,490 --> 00:09:45,829 phytoplankton, which is a bacteria 253 00:09:45,830 --> 00:09:48,499 or a single celled organism 254 00:09:48,500 --> 00:09:50,569 that ran out of energy at some point 255 00:09:50,570 --> 00:09:53,089 but discovered the 256 00:09:53,090 --> 00:09:55,479 use of extraterrestrial 257 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:57,799 energy source, which is the sun. 258 00:09:57,800 --> 00:10:00,019 So to plankton discovered 259 00:10:00,020 --> 00:10:02,089 by evolution, how 260 00:10:02,090 --> 00:10:04,219 sunlight, which is extraterrestrial, 261 00:10:04,220 --> 00:10:06,439 could be used to make energy and store 262 00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:07,440 energy on Earth. 263 00:10:08,540 --> 00:10:10,849 And by the same token, he says, human 264 00:10:10,850 --> 00:10:12,919 technological development is the 265 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:15,169 kind of evolution and we 266 00:10:15,170 --> 00:10:17,239 will be able to overcome that. 267 00:10:17,240 --> 00:10:19,369 And how do we overcome that is 268 00:10:19,370 --> 00:10:21,499 pretty clear that we use resources that 269 00:10:21,500 --> 00:10:23,209 are not from this planet. 270 00:10:23,210 --> 00:10:25,159 So this is the extraterrestrial 271 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:26,749 imperative. 272 00:10:26,750 --> 00:10:28,669 The third reason why we should use the 273 00:10:28,670 --> 00:10:30,799 moon is, of course, 274 00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:33,109 you see this nice gravitational well 275 00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:35,149 that is made by the earth and it's 276 00:10:35,150 --> 00:10:36,919 difficult to get out of it because you 277 00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:38,329 need energy to get out. 278 00:10:38,330 --> 00:10:40,609 But the moon creates an extra 279 00:10:40,610 --> 00:10:42,709 spot there, which has 280 00:10:42,710 --> 00:10:44,839 this interesting structure that allows us 281 00:10:44,840 --> 00:10:47,269 to put spacecraft in a 282 00:10:47,270 --> 00:10:50,209 equilibrium state and 283 00:10:50,210 --> 00:10:52,279 put it like stations there so that 284 00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:54,349 you can reach the surface of the moon 285 00:10:54,350 --> 00:10:57,289 as well as deeper into the solar system. 286 00:10:57,290 --> 00:10:59,419 So really, these three things we 287 00:10:59,420 --> 00:11:01,539 can it's in our culture, 288 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:04,669 it there is new knowledge to 289 00:11:04,670 --> 00:11:06,799 be gained and it is 290 00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:08,839 a great starting point for further 291 00:11:08,840 --> 00:11:10,819 exploration. So these three things are 292 00:11:10,820 --> 00:11:12,709 reasons to explore the moon. 293 00:11:12,710 --> 00:11:14,629 Why is it so hard to go there? 294 00:11:14,630 --> 00:11:16,999 Why are we why did we stop? 295 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:18,659 And the reason is the rocket equation. 296 00:11:18,660 --> 00:11:20,539 This is the rocket equation formulated by 297 00:11:20,540 --> 00:11:23,659 Konstantin Sikorski in 1895 298 00:11:23,660 --> 00:11:25,309 is basically an expression of the 299 00:11:25,310 --> 00:11:27,919 Newtonian law of mechanics that says 300 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:30,409 to each reaction, you need an equal 301 00:11:30,410 --> 00:11:32,629 but opposite reaction 302 00:11:32,630 --> 00:11:34,939 and this is the only way 303 00:11:34,940 --> 00:11:37,249 to propel yourself in space. 304 00:11:37,250 --> 00:11:39,709 If I'm walking across the stage, 305 00:11:39,710 --> 00:11:41,839 what I'm doing is I'm pushing the stage 306 00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:43,909 behind me so that I'm 307 00:11:43,910 --> 00:11:45,619 propelled forward. 308 00:11:45,620 --> 00:11:47,749 And the the link 309 00:11:47,750 --> 00:11:49,939 that makes it possible for me is my 310 00:11:49,940 --> 00:11:51,499 soles of the shoes. 311 00:11:51,500 --> 00:11:53,209 If there was if there was a slippery 312 00:11:53,210 --> 00:11:54,409 surface that would not allow the 313 00:11:54,410 --> 00:11:56,449 transmission of momentum between myself 314 00:11:56,450 --> 00:11:59,269 and the stage and we just slip and fall. 315 00:11:59,270 --> 00:12:01,459 But if in that case, 316 00:12:01,460 --> 00:12:03,739 I would have to use 317 00:12:03,740 --> 00:12:05,569 reaction principle of Newton to propel 318 00:12:05,570 --> 00:12:06,559 myself. 319 00:12:06,560 --> 00:12:08,269 And in this formula there's a very 320 00:12:08,270 --> 00:12:10,459 important parameter is the Delta V that's 321 00:12:10,460 --> 00:12:12,469 on the left hand side, which gives you 322 00:12:12,470 --> 00:12:14,179 the amount of how much you have to change 323 00:12:14,180 --> 00:12:16,399 your velocity to reach a certain target. 324 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:17,869 And in the lower part, you see the 325 00:12:17,870 --> 00:12:20,029 numbers here that are not very important, 326 00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:22,159 but it's 327 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:23,989 very difficult to get from Earth into low 328 00:12:23,990 --> 00:12:26,359 earth orbit, which is the first little 329 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:28,609 gravestone there, and then three 330 00:12:28,610 --> 00:12:30,049 thousand two hundred meters per second to 331 00:12:30,050 --> 00:12:32,449 go to the lunar vicinity and then on top 332 00:12:32,450 --> 00:12:35,299 to go to lunar orbit, to need another 800 333 00:12:35,300 --> 00:12:36,799 and then to the surface of the moon, you 334 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:37,800 need two thousand. 335 00:12:38,990 --> 00:12:41,659 If you know that our current technology 336 00:12:41,660 --> 00:12:44,089 limits us to use exhaust velocities, 337 00:12:44,090 --> 00:12:46,219 which is the V, they're of 338 00:12:46,220 --> 00:12:47,839 less than 5000 meters per second. 339 00:12:47,840 --> 00:12:50,209 That tells you why we need 340 00:12:50,210 --> 00:12:52,459 big rockets to launch small 341 00:12:52,460 --> 00:12:53,569 payloads. 342 00:12:53,570 --> 00:12:55,819 We need a 10, 700 ton around 343 00:12:55,820 --> 00:12:57,949 five rocket to launch a ten ton 344 00:12:57,950 --> 00:13:00,679 satellite into geostationary transform. 345 00:13:00,680 --> 00:13:02,599 And that makes it so expensive. 346 00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:04,489 Now, expensive means what is the 347 00:13:04,490 --> 00:13:06,739 economics of space transportation? 348 00:13:06,740 --> 00:13:08,119 And what you see on the right hand side 349 00:13:08,120 --> 00:13:09,889 is much more interesting. 350 00:13:09,890 --> 00:13:11,719 This is a table of how much it costs 351 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:12,679 today. 352 00:13:12,680 --> 00:13:14,149 If you would go to a launch service 353 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:16,789 provider to launch your stuff into space 354 00:13:16,790 --> 00:13:18,709 in Earth's orbit is about ten thousand 355 00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:20,899 euros into cislunar space is 356 00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:22,969 ten, ten times that or a hundred 357 00:13:22,970 --> 00:13:24,499 thousand to lunar orbit. 358 00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:26,959 Two hundred thousand down to the surface 359 00:13:26,960 --> 00:13:29,089 of the moon, one million euro, 360 00:13:29,090 --> 00:13:31,339 one kilo to bring 361 00:13:31,340 --> 00:13:33,799 anything back from the moon. 362 00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:35,569 Ten million euros. 363 00:13:35,570 --> 00:13:37,669 So if you even would get back 364 00:13:37,670 --> 00:13:40,309 platinum or the most precious 365 00:13:40,310 --> 00:13:42,499 stuff that you can think of, it's 366 00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:44,479 still cheaper to get it on Earth. 367 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:46,909 So forget about 368 00:13:46,910 --> 00:13:49,459 the space economy with rockets 369 00:13:49,460 --> 00:13:50,569 that will not work. 370 00:13:50,570 --> 00:13:52,309 The only thing that the private sector 371 00:13:52,310 --> 00:13:54,589 can do is they can make space 372 00:13:54,590 --> 00:13:56,839 travel more efficient so 373 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:59,539 that for the governmental players, 374 00:13:59,540 --> 00:14:01,309 everything becomes a little bit cheaper. 375 00:14:01,310 --> 00:14:03,169 But there will be never be able to get 376 00:14:03,170 --> 00:14:05,359 stuff from the moon and sell it here 377 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:07,189 on Earth. That's just physically 378 00:14:07,190 --> 00:14:09,559 impossible. If they use rockets 379 00:14:09,560 --> 00:14:10,909 and the left hand side, you see that 380 00:14:10,910 --> 00:14:12,469 actually the. 381 00:14:12,470 --> 00:14:14,569 The cost raises with 382 00:14:14,570 --> 00:14:15,619 the square root of the matter. 383 00:14:15,620 --> 00:14:17,569 So if you have a big rocket, it's more 384 00:14:17,570 --> 00:14:19,699 expensive, but 385 00:14:19,700 --> 00:14:21,919 the rate of increase is 386 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:24,229 lower than one. So that means that 387 00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:25,969 for each kilo, you'll pay less if you 388 00:14:25,970 --> 00:14:26,899 have a big rocket. 389 00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:28,429 And that's why around five is, for 390 00:14:28,430 --> 00:14:30,260 example, bigger than our own four. 391 00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:33,079 So this is the economics of space 392 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:35,299 transportation in this situation 393 00:14:35,300 --> 00:14:36,679 that we have today. 394 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:38,929 And in that situation, 395 00:14:38,930 --> 00:14:41,119 ESA has a program that that 396 00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:42,889 takes us indeed to the moon. 397 00:14:42,890 --> 00:14:45,019 And I think just to 398 00:14:45,020 --> 00:14:46,669 sleights about how ESA goes to the moon 399 00:14:46,670 --> 00:14:48,769 today, like I said, the biggest 400 00:14:48,770 --> 00:14:50,899 problem is gaining access to the moon. 401 00:14:52,100 --> 00:14:54,589 And that is why there is the big blob and 402 00:14:54,590 --> 00:14:56,479 there is the little bit smaller, but 403 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:58,519 still a challenging problem of surface 404 00:14:58,520 --> 00:15:00,049 operations. 405 00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:02,149 And these two problems really 406 00:15:02,150 --> 00:15:03,739 break down into smaller bits. 407 00:15:03,740 --> 00:15:05,509 We need to get to the moon. 408 00:15:05,510 --> 00:15:07,669 We need stagings. So we have to change 409 00:15:07,670 --> 00:15:10,669 the vehicle. You know, let it let some 410 00:15:10,670 --> 00:15:12,739 stages that already spent the fuel go 411 00:15:12,740 --> 00:15:14,899 away so that everything is lighter 412 00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:16,669 than we need landing, which is difficult 413 00:15:16,670 --> 00:15:18,499 because it's difficult terrain. 414 00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:20,659 And then we also have to launch from 415 00:15:20,660 --> 00:15:22,399 the moon, which is something that is 416 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:24,499 incredibly difficult given the fact that 417 00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:26,570 already launching from Earth is difficult 418 00:15:27,770 --> 00:15:29,359 and then you can break it down further. 419 00:15:29,360 --> 00:15:32,149 And each of these topical problems 420 00:15:32,150 --> 00:15:34,549 has a program, for example, to 421 00:15:34,550 --> 00:15:36,649 get humans astronauts 422 00:15:36,650 --> 00:15:39,019 go to cislunar space. 423 00:15:39,020 --> 00:15:41,239 We are cooperating with NASA to build 424 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:43,399 a human space vehicle that will launch 425 00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:45,799 first time in 2018 around 426 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:46,800 the moon. 427 00:15:48,070 --> 00:15:50,529 Issa proposes a program to build 428 00:15:50,530 --> 00:15:52,719 a habitation module for this 429 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:54,429 cislunar habitat. 430 00:15:54,430 --> 00:15:56,799 This is a habitation staging post 431 00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:58,629 in this house, in cislunar space that 432 00:15:58,630 --> 00:16:01,059 will enable access to the lunar surface, 433 00:16:01,060 --> 00:16:03,489 but also into deeper space 434 00:16:03,490 --> 00:16:06,219 than ESA works together with Roscosmos, 435 00:16:06,220 --> 00:16:08,319 the Russian space agency, to build a 436 00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:11,019 landing system for lunar applications. 437 00:16:11,020 --> 00:16:13,119 And there is a camera that will first go 438 00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:15,190 in 2018 2019 439 00:16:16,270 --> 00:16:18,309 to prepare our technology for landing on 440 00:16:18,310 --> 00:16:20,769 the moon. And then further down the road, 441 00:16:20,770 --> 00:16:22,179 we're working together with an 442 00:16:22,180 --> 00:16:24,129 international consortium or with 443 00:16:24,130 --> 00:16:26,499 international partners to build 444 00:16:26,500 --> 00:16:28,629 a demonstrator mission that 445 00:16:28,630 --> 00:16:30,429 does everything so we land. 446 00:16:30,430 --> 00:16:32,529 We would take off and we have 447 00:16:32,530 --> 00:16:34,389 a little rover that shows mobility on the 448 00:16:34,390 --> 00:16:35,529 surface. 449 00:16:35,530 --> 00:16:37,359 And this is an integrated system that we 450 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:38,949 are currently proposing to our member 451 00:16:38,950 --> 00:16:39,950 states. 452 00:16:40,750 --> 00:16:42,819 And I would like to play the 453 00:16:42,820 --> 00:16:44,979 part of the essent getting 454 00:16:44,980 --> 00:16:47,049 away from the launching a rocket from the 455 00:16:47,050 --> 00:16:48,249 moon. The problem here 456 00:16:49,780 --> 00:16:52,119 and then the final 457 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:54,189 problem that we face is habitation 458 00:16:54,190 --> 00:16:55,539 on the lunar surface. 459 00:16:55,540 --> 00:16:57,639 And that is, of course, 460 00:16:57,640 --> 00:16:59,799 challenging is perhaps not as challenging 461 00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:02,079 as habitation and free space, but still 462 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:03,700 there's difficult problems. 463 00:17:05,970 --> 00:17:08,049 Another topic that still 464 00:17:08,050 --> 00:17:09,999 needs to be addressed is getting 465 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,249 resources from the moon, not 466 00:17:12,250 --> 00:17:13,719 necessarily to make money from it. 467 00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,299 Like a plane is probably not going to 468 00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:19,029 be a good profit, good business. 469 00:17:19,030 --> 00:17:21,159 But we already have a payload 470 00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:23,499 that tells us how we could use resources 471 00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:26,559 to sustain a base on the lunar surface. 472 00:17:26,560 --> 00:17:28,959 So now this is a little bit of a time 473 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:31,269 arrow arrow here 474 00:17:31,270 --> 00:17:33,489 to show you how we want to develop that 475 00:17:33,490 --> 00:17:34,989 over over time. 476 00:17:34,990 --> 00:17:37,089 So the first thing is like 477 00:17:37,090 --> 00:17:39,009 a show. This is the drill and the camera, 478 00:17:39,010 --> 00:17:42,009 and that goes already in 2018 and 2021 479 00:17:42,010 --> 00:17:44,679 in two missions together with Roscosmos. 480 00:17:44,680 --> 00:17:46,539 Then there is the Orion vehicle, first 481 00:17:46,540 --> 00:17:48,789 launch in 2018, the first human 482 00:17:48,790 --> 00:17:49,809 mission in 21. 483 00:17:51,010 --> 00:17:53,149 Then the cislunar habitat are 484 00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:54,879 going to be built up somewhere around the 485 00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,639 mid 20s, perhaps a little bit earlier. 486 00:17:57,640 --> 00:17:59,619 And then this interesting demonstration 487 00:17:59,620 --> 00:18:02,109 mission in the mid 2026. 488 00:18:02,110 --> 00:18:04,689 And then ESA does indeed 489 00:18:04,690 --> 00:18:07,359 plan or propose in cooperation 490 00:18:07,360 --> 00:18:09,369 with international partners to have a 491 00:18:09,370 --> 00:18:11,139 human mission or a series of human 492 00:18:11,140 --> 00:18:13,299 missions to the moon to really 493 00:18:13,300 --> 00:18:14,829 start the exploration. 494 00:18:14,830 --> 00:18:17,079 But all of that is still limited 495 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:19,599 by our transportation problem. 496 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:21,489 But that's what we can do today. 497 00:18:21,490 --> 00:18:23,949 Like, I promise that that's the realism 498 00:18:23,950 --> 00:18:25,359 of the situation right now. 499 00:18:26,740 --> 00:18:28,869 But let's go beyond this 500 00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:31,389 goal. Let's go beyond rockets. 501 00:18:31,390 --> 00:18:33,489 When I said that it 502 00:18:33,490 --> 00:18:35,589 can propel ourselves 503 00:18:35,590 --> 00:18:37,779 only in space, only by pushing 504 00:18:37,780 --> 00:18:40,149 something back by actually 505 00:18:40,150 --> 00:18:41,829 equals the actual. 506 00:18:41,830 --> 00:18:44,409 I lied a bit, so I was not completely 507 00:18:44,410 --> 00:18:45,460 honest with you guys, 508 00:18:46,870 --> 00:18:48,939 because if you have a physical connection 509 00:18:48,940 --> 00:18:50,919 to the planetary body that you're 510 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:53,469 orbiting, then you can transmit 511 00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:54,549 momentum. 512 00:18:54,550 --> 00:18:56,289 And that physical connection is created 513 00:18:56,290 --> 00:18:57,249 by a space elevator. 514 00:18:57,250 --> 00:18:59,139 And the basic principle, I think really 515 00:18:59,140 --> 00:19:00,919 many people in the room already know it. 516 00:19:00,920 --> 00:19:03,699 So I will skip tours quite quickly. 517 00:19:03,700 --> 00:19:06,369 The idea is to have a long rope 518 00:19:06,370 --> 00:19:08,410 and the rope as the center of mass 519 00:19:09,610 --> 00:19:11,559 and that center of mass is orbiting the 520 00:19:11,560 --> 00:19:13,869 planet in sync with the 521 00:19:13,870 --> 00:19:15,879 planet's rotation. 522 00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:18,069 So in the end, the 523 00:19:18,070 --> 00:19:20,199 rope will touch the surface 524 00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:22,509 of the planet, but will not necessarily 525 00:19:22,510 --> 00:19:23,709 exert a force in it. 526 00:19:23,710 --> 00:19:26,079 So it's simply it's like a satellite, 527 00:19:27,220 --> 00:19:28,809 but it's going around the planet at the 528 00:19:28,810 --> 00:19:30,969 same rate as the planet is rotating. 529 00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:33,789 And then you can climb up and down that 530 00:19:33,790 --> 00:19:36,489 rope with with the cabin. 531 00:19:36,490 --> 00:19:38,589 You make a nice cabin around 532 00:19:38,590 --> 00:19:41,079 you with air and you can go up and down. 533 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:43,329 And I'm not I know you're your heads 534 00:19:43,330 --> 00:19:44,949 are full of questions and I'll try to 535 00:19:44,950 --> 00:19:46,239 answer some of them. 536 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:48,339 And certainly the broader space elevator 537 00:19:48,340 --> 00:19:50,709 community can answer most questions 538 00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:51,789 today. 539 00:19:51,790 --> 00:19:54,009 So just as a start, 540 00:19:54,010 --> 00:19:56,109 the energy actually is not so much 541 00:19:56,110 --> 00:19:57,669 the problem. Indeed, we still have to 542 00:19:57,670 --> 00:19:59,589 provide the energy to go from Earth's 543 00:19:59,590 --> 00:20:01,269 surface up into the gravity. 544 00:20:01,270 --> 00:20:03,339 Well, but that's only one 545 00:20:03,340 --> 00:20:04,929 kilowatt hour per kilogram. 546 00:20:04,930 --> 00:20:07,029 And how much is a kilowatt hour in 547 00:20:07,030 --> 00:20:08,469 Germany today? It's like 40 cents. 548 00:20:08,470 --> 00:20:09,470 I guess 549 00:20:11,020 --> 00:20:13,089 that's twice the price than in France. 550 00:20:14,440 --> 00:20:15,440 But never mind. 551 00:20:16,510 --> 00:20:17,789 It's still cheap enough, right? 552 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:22,119 Then the climate can go up and down 553 00:20:22,120 --> 00:20:23,079 with electric energy. 554 00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:25,209 Has electric motors attached to that 555 00:20:25,210 --> 00:20:27,159 cable can go up and down. 556 00:20:27,160 --> 00:20:29,559 The cable is actually kept port 557 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,989 by the forces of gravity and center 558 00:20:31,990 --> 00:20:34,539 should centrifugal force. 559 00:20:34,540 --> 00:20:37,749 So gravity pulls the part 560 00:20:37,750 --> 00:20:39,939 to the left down and 561 00:20:39,940 --> 00:20:42,009 centrifugal force pulls it to 562 00:20:42,010 --> 00:20:44,199 the right up so 563 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:46,629 that the cables always taught 564 00:20:46,630 --> 00:20:48,819 then of. As the climate goes up and down, 565 00:20:48,820 --> 00:20:50,169 the climate creates what's called the 566 00:20:50,170 --> 00:20:52,309 Coriolis force, and that puts 567 00:20:52,310 --> 00:20:54,429 the sideways force on the cable 568 00:20:54,430 --> 00:20:57,069 and the sideways force creates a wave 569 00:20:57,070 --> 00:20:58,749 in the cable. 570 00:20:58,750 --> 00:21:01,299 And what does the wave to look much 571 00:21:01,300 --> 00:21:03,249 because of the high tension on the cable 572 00:21:03,250 --> 00:21:04,809 and then left hand side, you see a couple 573 00:21:04,810 --> 00:21:07,419 of wiggly lines, which is the free motion 574 00:21:07,420 --> 00:21:09,069 of the elevator. And if you can read the 575 00:21:09,070 --> 00:21:11,379 small numbers, we are talking 576 00:21:11,380 --> 00:21:13,779 about 700 meters 577 00:21:13,780 --> 00:21:15,550 of maximum 578 00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:20,349 amplitude of of that. 579 00:21:20,350 --> 00:21:22,299 And if you go to higher vibrational 580 00:21:22,300 --> 00:21:25,089 modes, it's it's really not 581 00:21:25,090 --> 00:21:26,319 causing a lot of 582 00:21:27,370 --> 00:21:29,619 a lot of vibration in terms of spatial 583 00:21:29,620 --> 00:21:30,699 vibration. 584 00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:32,709 Of course, the cable for Earth and this 585 00:21:32,710 --> 00:21:34,899 is the Earth cable would 586 00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:37,029 be 150, 4000 587 00:21:37,030 --> 00:21:38,229 kilometers long. 588 00:21:38,230 --> 00:21:40,629 So this is not to scale right on the Y 589 00:21:40,630 --> 00:21:42,579 axis. You have one hundred fifty four, 590 00:21:42,580 --> 00:21:44,199 forty four thousand kilometers. 591 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:46,269 And the Y axis, you have just 592 00:21:46,270 --> 00:21:47,270 kilometers. 593 00:21:49,660 --> 00:21:51,609 And you see that is the free motion of 594 00:21:51,610 --> 00:21:53,709 the cable. And by introducing a little 595 00:21:53,710 --> 00:21:55,719 bit of wiggle on the base of the cable, 596 00:21:55,720 --> 00:21:57,879 you can even manage that vibration. 597 00:21:57,880 --> 00:21:59,919 So if you have a vibration on it, you can 598 00:21:59,920 --> 00:22:01,149 cancel it out. 599 00:22:01,150 --> 00:22:02,259 So no problem. 600 00:22:02,260 --> 00:22:04,539 And the other side shows you what happens 601 00:22:04,540 --> 00:22:05,679 if the climate goes up. 602 00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:06,849 And this is actually on the moon. 603 00:22:06,850 --> 00:22:08,799 Cable is taken from a paper by Pearson 604 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:11,109 Atoll where 605 00:22:11,110 --> 00:22:13,239 when the when the climate 606 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:14,499 goes up, you will have a bit of 607 00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:16,689 oscillation in the order of a couple 608 00:22:16,690 --> 00:22:19,539 of meters normally. 609 00:22:19,540 --> 00:22:21,400 But that's not certainly manageable. 610 00:22:23,020 --> 00:22:26,079 OK, so let's talk about strong cables 611 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:28,569 because we need strong cables to kind of 612 00:22:28,570 --> 00:22:29,979 not make them rupture. 613 00:22:29,980 --> 00:22:31,839 So what's the strong material like to 614 00:22:31,840 --> 00:22:34,179 express strength of a cable 615 00:22:34,180 --> 00:22:36,249 in terms of rupture length because it 616 00:22:36,250 --> 00:22:38,439 expresses the strength of the cable 617 00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:41,409 at the same time as its Pacific weight? 618 00:22:41,410 --> 00:22:42,999 The rupture length is the length of a 619 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:45,789 cable you can suspended vertically 620 00:22:45,790 --> 00:22:48,129 in a 1g constant 1g 621 00:22:48,130 --> 00:22:50,439 without it snapping under 622 00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:51,759 its own weight. 623 00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:53,829 So steel cables are pretty strong. 624 00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:55,899 You can have 11 kilometers if you make it 625 00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:58,179 12, it would just go bang because 626 00:22:58,180 --> 00:22:59,180 of its own weight. 627 00:23:00,190 --> 00:23:01,899 Carbon fiber goes up to three hundred 628 00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:03,999 thirty kilometers and 629 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:05,019 a mystical. 630 00:23:06,630 --> 00:23:08,729 Material that's called material 631 00:23:08,730 --> 00:23:10,949 nanotube that exists only 632 00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:13,079 laboratories in very small quantities 633 00:23:13,080 --> 00:23:14,549 makes it up to three thousand three 634 00:23:14,550 --> 00:23:16,829 hundred kilometers for Earth, 635 00:23:16,830 --> 00:23:18,929 you need for Earth Elevator and you need 636 00:23:18,930 --> 00:23:20,549 about two thousand five hundred 637 00:23:20,550 --> 00:23:22,799 kilometers of rupture length. 638 00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:24,929 So so this mystical material would be 639 00:23:24,930 --> 00:23:26,309 able to do the earth elevator. 640 00:23:28,020 --> 00:23:29,489 So and there on the right hand side, you 641 00:23:29,490 --> 00:23:31,079 see other materials that are available 642 00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:33,089 today and you see somewhere figures about 643 00:23:33,090 --> 00:23:35,339 250 to 500 644 00:23:35,340 --> 00:23:37,019 kilometers length. 645 00:23:37,020 --> 00:23:38,639 The longer the better. 646 00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:39,640 Why does that? 647 00:23:40,850 --> 00:23:41,929 Why is that important? 648 00:23:43,220 --> 00:23:46,009 Because the magic of the taper 649 00:23:46,010 --> 00:23:47,659 people have been asking, how strong does 650 00:23:47,660 --> 00:23:49,369 the cable have to be to make a space 651 00:23:49,370 --> 00:23:51,859 elevator? And there was a paper by Jeremy 652 00:23:51,860 --> 00:23:53,959 Pearson at All in 653 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:56,179 Astronautical 1975, and 654 00:23:56,180 --> 00:23:58,159 he explains that we can do it from any 655 00:23:58,160 --> 00:24:00,349 kit, any material can even make it from 656 00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:02,479 steel. Only you have to make it 657 00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:04,639 much thicker at the center of gravity 658 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:06,499 than you make it at the base. 659 00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:08,659 Now, this paper shows how 660 00:24:08,660 --> 00:24:10,909 that is called becomes so extreme 661 00:24:10,910 --> 00:24:13,279 for the Earth that for Veck 662 00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:15,889 materials, that elevator becomes 663 00:24:15,890 --> 00:24:17,029 not feasible. 664 00:24:17,030 --> 00:24:19,519 So I show you this magical 665 00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:21,739 material, nanotube material that 666 00:24:21,740 --> 00:24:23,869 allow us to have a space elevator from 667 00:24:23,870 --> 00:24:25,999 Earth with a table ratio of 668 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:28,099 about eight or 669 00:24:28,100 --> 00:24:29,100 so 670 00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:32,419 material that exists today is, for 671 00:24:32,420 --> 00:24:34,579 example, carbon fiber 672 00:24:34,580 --> 00:24:36,949 or the famous 673 00:24:36,950 --> 00:24:38,389 honeycomb polymer. 674 00:24:38,390 --> 00:24:40,219 So that these are fibers you can buy in 675 00:24:40,220 --> 00:24:42,439 the shop today and you can see for 676 00:24:42,440 --> 00:24:44,509 Earth it would be like thousands 677 00:24:44,510 --> 00:24:45,679 of times thicker. 678 00:24:45,680 --> 00:24:47,299 And it's not a problem of making 679 00:24:47,300 --> 00:24:48,829 something bigger. But if you make 680 00:24:48,830 --> 00:24:50,599 something you start with, say, a 681 00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:52,939 centimeter and you have to make it 682 00:24:52,940 --> 00:24:55,189 10000, 10 centimeters wide 683 00:24:55,190 --> 00:24:56,269 at its widest point. 684 00:24:56,270 --> 00:24:57,709 And the whole thing is four hundred forty 685 00:24:57,710 --> 00:24:59,659 four thousand kilometers long to total 686 00:24:59,660 --> 00:25:01,709 mass of this thing becomes humongous. 687 00:25:02,870 --> 00:25:04,160 So that's not going to work. 688 00:25:05,270 --> 00:25:06,529 So. 689 00:25:06,530 --> 00:25:08,599 So but for Moon and Mars, this is much 690 00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:09,679 easier. You can see. 691 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:11,389 And the reason is, of course, the moon 692 00:25:11,390 --> 00:25:13,429 and Mars have lower gravity and they have 693 00:25:13,430 --> 00:25:15,769 slower rotational rates than the Earth. 694 00:25:15,770 --> 00:25:17,389 And then you end up saying that with 695 00:25:17,390 --> 00:25:18,709 existing materials. 696 00:25:18,710 --> 00:25:21,049 If I have a taper ratio of about eight 697 00:25:21,050 --> 00:25:23,179 or five or four, 698 00:25:23,180 --> 00:25:25,279 I can I can make an 699 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:27,799 elevator. So why 700 00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:30,019 are space elevators easier on the moon 701 00:25:30,020 --> 00:25:31,129 than on Earth? 702 00:25:31,130 --> 00:25:33,049 We have a feasible ribbon material now. 703 00:25:33,050 --> 00:25:34,129 We call this thing a ribbon. 704 00:25:34,130 --> 00:25:36,289 And I will come back to why we 705 00:25:36,290 --> 00:25:37,880 call the rope a ribbon. 706 00:25:39,980 --> 00:25:42,169 We have very few artificial satellites 707 00:25:42,170 --> 00:25:43,669 around the moon that could potentially 708 00:25:43,670 --> 00:25:45,469 collide with the cable. 709 00:25:45,470 --> 00:25:47,989 And we have no human made space debris 710 00:25:47,990 --> 00:25:50,089 around the moon and there 711 00:25:50,090 --> 00:25:51,919 is no atmosphere on the moon that could 712 00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:53,959 kind of with chemical reaction, damage to 713 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:56,839 cable. And there is no there is no 714 00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:59,629 strong trapped radiation 715 00:25:59,630 --> 00:26:01,549 in because there's no magnetic field 716 00:26:01,550 --> 00:26:03,829 around the moon. So so 717 00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:06,079 the elevator around the earth 718 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:08,509 is quite futuristic. 719 00:26:08,510 --> 00:26:09,979 It is quite science fiction. 720 00:26:09,980 --> 00:26:12,379 But the elevator around the moon, 721 00:26:12,380 --> 00:26:14,239 it is still science fiction, but it's 722 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:16,399 closer. So it's not two thousand 723 00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:18,559 thirty one is 2000, 2001. 724 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:20,659 So if you compare the movies, then you 725 00:26:20,660 --> 00:26:21,660 know what I mean. 726 00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:25,669 Right. So one word about 727 00:26:25,670 --> 00:26:26,899 the climber. 728 00:26:26,900 --> 00:26:29,329 I know that climber is the most inspiring 729 00:26:29,330 --> 00:26:31,399 part of the space elevator, but it's by 730 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:33,439 far not the biggest problem. 731 00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:35,959 And in my life, I always try to crack 732 00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:37,909 the thickest nut first. 733 00:26:37,910 --> 00:26:40,159 So, you know, one day 734 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:42,229 when somebody gives me that cable, 735 00:26:42,230 --> 00:26:44,539 I will start talking about the climber. 736 00:26:44,540 --> 00:26:46,699 But there's a nice concept out 737 00:26:46,700 --> 00:26:48,799 there that basically runs on two wheels. 738 00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:50,209 You have electric motor and you have 739 00:26:50,210 --> 00:26:52,369 solar arrays providing the energy and 740 00:26:52,370 --> 00:26:53,809 you can have a couple of capsules 741 00:26:53,810 --> 00:26:56,599 attached to it that transport the 742 00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:58,489 transport the payload. 743 00:26:58,490 --> 00:27:00,709 So what is it that we get 744 00:27:00,710 --> 00:27:01,909 out of the moon elevator? 745 00:27:01,910 --> 00:27:04,039 Why should we do it beyond 746 00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:05,809 exploring the moon? 747 00:27:05,810 --> 00:27:07,729 Well, first of all, you'll remember that 748 00:27:07,730 --> 00:27:09,589 diagram, right? 749 00:27:09,590 --> 00:27:12,049 What made us a lot of headaches 750 00:27:12,050 --> 00:27:13,759 and stomach ache. 751 00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:15,409 But if you have space elevator, the first 752 00:27:15,410 --> 00:27:17,809 thing that goes away is this 753 00:27:17,810 --> 00:27:20,059 because you can go from one orbit to 754 00:27:20,060 --> 00:27:21,349 the lunar surface. 755 00:27:21,350 --> 00:27:23,659 So this change in velocity 756 00:27:23,660 --> 00:27:25,759 that you need to make in order to go 757 00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:28,039 from one orbit down to the surface all 758 00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:29,040 of a sudden 759 00:27:30,530 --> 00:27:31,969 goes away. 760 00:27:31,970 --> 00:27:34,129 So your rocket has to do much 761 00:27:34,130 --> 00:27:35,130 less work. 762 00:27:35,870 --> 00:27:38,149 Not only that, only this number goes away 763 00:27:38,150 --> 00:27:40,279 another 800 meters per second 764 00:27:40,280 --> 00:27:42,499 because you're starting already in 765 00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:44,149 the lunar vicinity. 766 00:27:44,150 --> 00:27:45,169 So this goes away. 767 00:27:45,170 --> 00:27:47,629 Your rocket makes even less 768 00:27:47,630 --> 00:27:49,969 work. So all you have to do is basically 769 00:27:49,970 --> 00:27:52,129 now you have to launch an Ariane five 770 00:27:52,130 --> 00:27:54,229 rocket. You get seven 771 00:27:54,230 --> 00:27:56,239 tonnes to the lunar surface today with an 772 00:27:56,240 --> 00:27:58,429 Ariane five, you get about 773 00:27:58,430 --> 00:28:00,379 five hundred kilos. 774 00:28:00,380 --> 00:28:01,460 So less than, 775 00:28:03,680 --> 00:28:05,300 yeah, roughly 10 percent of it. 776 00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:09,529 But if we had let's speculate 777 00:28:09,530 --> 00:28:11,779 a bit. If we had also an Earth 778 00:28:11,780 --> 00:28:13,879 elevator, you could also cancel 779 00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:15,679 those two figures. 780 00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:17,839 So the number that you see for Delta 781 00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:20,089 V becomes zero. 782 00:28:20,090 --> 00:28:23,149 That means you can have a free transfer 783 00:28:23,150 --> 00:28:25,249 from the earth's surface to 784 00:28:25,250 --> 00:28:26,479 the lunar surface. 785 00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:27,979 No propellant needed in that show. 786 00:28:27,980 --> 00:28:30,050 You in a minute how that looks like. 787 00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:32,779 Not in a minute. I show you now, 788 00:28:34,610 --> 00:28:36,229 right. This is a computer program is 789 00:28:36,230 --> 00:28:38,209 publicly available on the Web. 790 00:28:38,210 --> 00:28:40,409 And I have the URL shared with you. 791 00:28:40,410 --> 00:28:42,599 In my final slide and what 792 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:43,919 I've done, I've played with it and you 793 00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:46,079 see this in the 794 00:28:46,080 --> 00:28:48,089 crosshairs, you see the earth and 795 00:28:48,090 --> 00:28:50,999 downward pointing is the earth elevator. 796 00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,159 And on this central ring, you 797 00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:55,259 see the moon with the long line and 798 00:28:55,260 --> 00:28:57,329 extending with a blue dot at the end. 799 00:28:57,330 --> 00:28:59,429 That's the moon elevator. 800 00:28:59,430 --> 00:29:01,289 Now, I put a payload, that's the little 801 00:29:01,290 --> 00:29:02,849 green dot down there 802 00:29:04,020 --> 00:29:06,349 and me and find my cursor so 803 00:29:06,350 --> 00:29:08,029 I can play with it. 804 00:29:08,030 --> 00:29:10,109 OK, so there is my payload, 805 00:29:10,110 --> 00:29:11,069 right? 806 00:29:11,070 --> 00:29:12,660 So now I'm starting to 807 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:16,949 let the earth rotate and you see the time 808 00:29:16,950 --> 00:29:18,869 scale up there is 512. 809 00:29:20,250 --> 00:29:22,469 So it's a fact of 512 over real 810 00:29:22,470 --> 00:29:24,659 time. So the earth rotates 811 00:29:24,660 --> 00:29:26,429 and the payload goes with the elevator, 812 00:29:26,430 --> 00:29:27,789 of course. 813 00:29:27,790 --> 00:29:29,639 And while the earth rotates, of course, 814 00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:31,319 the moon is moving slightly but much 815 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:33,839 more, much less fast 816 00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:36,389 when this reaches the 90 degree position 817 00:29:36,390 --> 00:29:37,379 I let go. 818 00:29:37,380 --> 00:29:39,389 So this payload will just be detached 819 00:29:39,390 --> 00:29:41,819 from the cable and then 820 00:29:41,820 --> 00:29:45,119 this will describe a freefall trajectory 821 00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:47,249 to whatever it takes it because of 822 00:29:47,250 --> 00:29:49,529 the loss of gravitation. 823 00:29:49,530 --> 00:29:51,089 And then now I have speeded up to eight 824 00:29:51,090 --> 00:29:52,799 thousand one hundred ninety two to make 825 00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:54,269 it a little bit faster. So you don't have 826 00:29:54,270 --> 00:29:56,699 to wait to sit here all evening 827 00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:58,769 because things as they go farther 828 00:29:58,770 --> 00:30:01,139 away from Earth, they go slower. 829 00:30:01,140 --> 00:30:03,299 And then what you can do and you see now 830 00:30:03,300 --> 00:30:04,979 every turn of the earth is, of course, 831 00:30:04,980 --> 00:30:07,289 one day is 832 00:30:07,290 --> 00:30:09,239 that at some point you find a trajectory 833 00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:11,549 where you can this object can fly 834 00:30:11,550 --> 00:30:15,089 a rendezvous with your moon elevator 835 00:30:15,090 --> 00:30:17,909 and you can just latch on 836 00:30:17,910 --> 00:30:20,279 and then descend on the moon elevator 837 00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:21,839 all the way to the lunar surface. 838 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:26,189 So so you would have 839 00:30:26,190 --> 00:30:28,619 a direct connection 840 00:30:28,620 --> 00:30:31,019 from the earth to the moon and 841 00:30:31,020 --> 00:30:33,089 the other way round from the moon, you 842 00:30:33,090 --> 00:30:35,879 can bring any material, platinum, 843 00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:38,669 gold from the lunar surface 844 00:30:38,670 --> 00:30:40,739 back to earth without any use of 845 00:30:40,740 --> 00:30:41,879 propellant. 846 00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,189 And of course, what that would do is 847 00:30:44,190 --> 00:30:46,349 to enable us to make real use of 848 00:30:46,350 --> 00:30:48,029 space, economic use of space. 849 00:30:48,030 --> 00:30:49,859 We could create structures that are so 850 00:30:49,860 --> 00:30:52,529 humongous that they would just 851 00:30:52,530 --> 00:30:54,749 no collect enough sunlight, for example, 852 00:30:54,750 --> 00:30:57,329 24/7 to provide earth 853 00:30:57,330 --> 00:30:58,559 with energy. 854 00:30:58,560 --> 00:31:00,749 This is a little animation showing 855 00:31:00,750 --> 00:31:02,549 you use microwaves to beam the energy 856 00:31:02,550 --> 00:31:04,409 down to to the earth's surface. 857 00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:08,859 And and you can make these structures, 858 00:31:08,860 --> 00:31:11,549 you can make space hotels, 859 00:31:11,550 --> 00:31:13,739 because all of a sudden you've broken 860 00:31:13,740 --> 00:31:15,809 this, you hacked 861 00:31:15,810 --> 00:31:17,250 celestial mechanics. 862 00:31:18,750 --> 00:31:20,879 And I think that's the basic idea. 863 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:23,249 This is why there is interest 864 00:31:23,250 --> 00:31:25,049 in the space elevator. So my final 865 00:31:25,050 --> 00:31:26,880 thought here is that 866 00:31:28,260 --> 00:31:29,490 perhaps if you want to 867 00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:33,209 engage in space exploration, 868 00:31:33,210 --> 00:31:35,249 in the moon exploration and I would also 869 00:31:35,250 --> 00:31:37,529 like to point you towards the talk 870 00:31:37,530 --> 00:31:39,599 by my boss, actually, and 871 00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:41,729 Werner, the director general 872 00:31:41,730 --> 00:31:44,159 of ESA at 8:00 873 00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:46,079 and in room number one. 874 00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:47,789 And he will talk about the Moon Village 875 00:31:47,790 --> 00:31:49,889 and how this community 876 00:31:49,890 --> 00:31:52,349 will make it happen, that we will engage 877 00:31:52,350 --> 00:31:54,269 into lunar exploration. 878 00:31:54,270 --> 00:31:56,369 And final word on the community. 879 00:31:56,370 --> 00:31:58,979 Here are a couple of links, emails, 880 00:31:58,980 --> 00:32:01,409 Twitter names and URLs 881 00:32:01,410 --> 00:32:03,509 that you can use when you download 882 00:32:03,510 --> 00:32:05,669 the presentation to make it happen 883 00:32:05,670 --> 00:32:08,309 and be part of the space elevator. 884 00:32:08,310 --> 00:32:09,310 Thank you. 885 00:32:21,850 --> 00:32:24,039 We have a rather generous half 886 00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:26,319 hour for Q&A, so 887 00:32:26,320 --> 00:32:28,929 please get ready to queue at a microphone 888 00:32:28,930 --> 00:32:30,519 for questions. 889 00:32:30,520 --> 00:32:32,439 There's basically microphones everywhere 890 00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:34,569 such as queue and also, of course, 891 00:32:34,570 --> 00:32:36,609 as always, we have questions from the 892 00:32:36,610 --> 00:32:38,829 Internet. So if you're in the chat 893 00:32:38,830 --> 00:32:40,929 watching the stream, we'll take care 894 00:32:40,930 --> 00:32:42,399 of you as well. 895 00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:43,959 We'll just start with a microphone to 896 00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:44,960 please. 897 00:32:45,770 --> 00:32:46,770 Hello. 898 00:32:47,290 --> 00:32:48,549 Thank you very much for your dog. 899 00:32:48,550 --> 00:32:51,609 So what I was wondering 900 00:32:51,610 --> 00:32:54,249 is that you do not mention at all 901 00:32:54,250 --> 00:32:57,039 if there is going to be an 902 00:32:57,040 --> 00:32:58,180 extra 903 00:32:59,230 --> 00:33:01,089 problem that the cable will have to take 904 00:33:01,090 --> 00:33:03,219 care of. That is the stretching 905 00:33:03,220 --> 00:33:05,349 due to the difference in gravity as it 906 00:33:05,350 --> 00:33:06,429 goes along the gravity? 907 00:33:06,430 --> 00:33:08,499 Well, is that going to be a problem 908 00:33:08,500 --> 00:33:10,749 or is that a very minor factor? 909 00:33:10,750 --> 00:33:12,599 Thanks for the question. 910 00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:14,919 I hid that, of course. 911 00:33:14,920 --> 00:33:17,109 And the answer is that the purest model 912 00:33:17,110 --> 00:33:19,119 is made such that the tension on the 913 00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:21,639 cable is constant through the cable 914 00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:23,709 by making it thicker at the place 915 00:33:23,710 --> 00:33:25,299 of the biggest force. 916 00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:26,769 Because, you know, tension equals force 917 00:33:26,770 --> 00:33:28,659 divided by cross section, squared by 918 00:33:28,660 --> 00:33:31,269 cross section, and then 919 00:33:31,270 --> 00:33:32,649 that's taken care of. 920 00:33:32,650 --> 00:33:33,650 OK, thank you. 921 00:33:35,050 --> 00:33:36,849 Before we get to the next question, just 922 00:33:36,850 --> 00:33:38,979 a little announcement, please try to 923 00:33:38,980 --> 00:33:40,359 be quiet. 924 00:33:40,360 --> 00:33:42,279 And if you need to leave, leave very, 925 00:33:42,280 --> 00:33:43,419 very quietly. 926 00:33:43,420 --> 00:33:44,949 And if you don't have to leave very 927 00:33:44,950 --> 00:33:46,779 urgently, just do us a courtesy and wait 928 00:33:46,780 --> 00:33:48,009 until the end of the talk. 929 00:33:48,010 --> 00:33:49,009 Thank you. 930 00:33:49,010 --> 00:33:50,619 Uh, could we get an Internet question, 931 00:33:50,620 --> 00:33:51,620 please? 932 00:33:55,500 --> 00:33:57,029 Could we get the microphone, please? 933 00:33:59,160 --> 00:34:01,499 Question working with, OK, 934 00:34:01,500 --> 00:34:03,719 is it already known how the elevator 935 00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:06,249 affects the Earth's rotation? 936 00:34:06,250 --> 00:34:07,380 It does not at all. 937 00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:11,399 There's, of course, a small value, 938 00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:13,379 you know, that by nature affects the 939 00:34:13,380 --> 00:34:15,899 Earth, speeds up VirnetX contracts 940 00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:18,269 because of its cooling down. 941 00:34:18,270 --> 00:34:20,279 But it normally it slows down because of 942 00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:21,899 the presence of the moon. 943 00:34:21,900 --> 00:34:24,149 Attaching a 944 00:34:24,150 --> 00:34:26,968 Aluna cable of about a thousand tons 945 00:34:26,969 --> 00:34:29,129 will not affect any because 946 00:34:29,130 --> 00:34:30,389 the moon is much more heavy. 947 00:34:31,989 --> 00:34:33,999 Could we get microphone number seven, 948 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:35,379 please? 949 00:34:35,380 --> 00:34:37,539 My question is, what will 950 00:34:37,540 --> 00:34:39,819 this mean for future further 951 00:34:39,820 --> 00:34:42,698 space exploration missions that 952 00:34:42,699 --> 00:34:44,379 what are the implications for further 953 00:34:44,380 --> 00:34:46,479 space exploration missions starting from 954 00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:48,669 the moon, or does that have 955 00:34:48,670 --> 00:34:50,349 other any implications for this? 956 00:34:51,370 --> 00:34:52,718 Thanks for the question. 957 00:34:52,719 --> 00:34:54,579 Yes, they are. And of course, that's part 958 00:34:54,580 --> 00:34:56,649 of the deal, that we try to prepare 959 00:34:56,650 --> 00:34:58,509 deeper space missions by making 960 00:34:58,510 --> 00:35:00,669 propellant on the lunar surface and 961 00:35:00,670 --> 00:35:02,769 then transporting it into cislunar space, 962 00:35:02,770 --> 00:35:04,179 which could be then the starting point 963 00:35:04,180 --> 00:35:06,429 for Mars missions or Jupiter missions 964 00:35:06,430 --> 00:35:08,979 or even at some point missions to Proxima 965 00:35:08,980 --> 00:35:11,109 Tantowi. But that's 966 00:35:11,110 --> 00:35:13,059 an extra torque. 967 00:35:13,060 --> 00:35:15,129 Thank you, Mike. 968 00:35:15,130 --> 00:35:16,130 Number one, please. 969 00:35:17,560 --> 00:35:18,639 Thank you for a great talk. 970 00:35:20,260 --> 00:35:22,149 I'll try to keep the question brief and 971 00:35:22,150 --> 00:35:24,189 feel free to direct me to the next talk 972 00:35:24,190 --> 00:35:25,779 by your boss if you feel like he could 973 00:35:25,780 --> 00:35:27,519 answer the question better. 974 00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:30,699 But it seems to me that most of the 975 00:35:30,700 --> 00:35:32,919 reasons for going to the moon. 976 00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:36,389 Apart from the science, of course, 977 00:35:36,390 --> 00:35:38,549 which is important, could 978 00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:40,350 be solved easier from Earth orbit. 979 00:35:41,550 --> 00:35:43,739 I'm thinking specifically of a 980 00:35:43,740 --> 00:35:46,139 refueling spacecraft 981 00:35:46,140 --> 00:35:49,049 and I believe that the low Earth orbit 982 00:35:49,050 --> 00:35:51,119 fuel depots could be refueled from 983 00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:53,219 asteroids and you wouldn't need 984 00:35:53,220 --> 00:35:55,289 to build a space elevator on the 985 00:35:55,290 --> 00:35:56,290 moon. 986 00:35:56,670 --> 00:35:58,199 I'm with you 100 percent. 987 00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:00,239 And of course, my boss can answer any 988 00:36:00,240 --> 00:36:02,339 question better than I can. 989 00:36:02,340 --> 00:36:04,590 But let me give it a try. 990 00:36:06,220 --> 00:36:07,769 Let me give it a try. 991 00:36:07,770 --> 00:36:09,479 Of course, that's actually my day job. 992 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:11,489 So I'm looking at architectures of 993 00:36:11,490 --> 00:36:13,769 exploration to find out 994 00:36:13,770 --> 00:36:15,779 what what's the best way. 995 00:36:15,780 --> 00:36:17,999 And you're right, if you were 996 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,369 if your goal was to have a 997 00:36:20,370 --> 00:36:22,709 Mars mission or a series of Mars missions 998 00:36:22,710 --> 00:36:25,259 that use refueling, then you would 999 00:36:25,260 --> 00:36:26,939 perhaps not use fuel from the lunar 1000 00:36:26,940 --> 00:36:29,129 surface. You would use asteroids and 1001 00:36:29,130 --> 00:36:31,559 transport the material, not necessarily 1002 00:36:31,560 --> 00:36:33,719 to low earth orbit because of the high 1003 00:36:33,720 --> 00:36:34,649 penalty. 1004 00:36:34,650 --> 00:36:35,819 But you're right there. 1005 00:36:35,820 --> 00:36:37,019 There's competing things. 1006 00:36:37,020 --> 00:36:38,729 And the real reason for this lunar 1007 00:36:38,730 --> 00:36:41,219 elevator to just make it clear 1008 00:36:41,220 --> 00:36:43,349 is if you want to exploit the moon 1009 00:36:43,350 --> 00:36:46,679 economically for not necessarily 1010 00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:49,049 use it for further space exploration, 1011 00:36:49,050 --> 00:36:51,329 but for bringing precious 1012 00:36:51,330 --> 00:36:52,889 metal to the earth, that would be the 1013 00:36:52,890 --> 00:36:54,959 real reason for the denial 1014 00:36:54,960 --> 00:36:55,469 of it. 1015 00:36:55,470 --> 00:36:57,509 But do we not also have access to those 1016 00:36:57,510 --> 00:36:59,999 materials and the asteroids? 1017 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:01,019 Not necessarily. 1018 00:37:01,020 --> 00:37:02,609 If you have to bring it. 1019 00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:04,289 If you have to bring it out of 1020 00:37:04,290 --> 00:37:06,179 interplanetary space, because you have to 1021 00:37:06,180 --> 00:37:08,279 then fly a reentry trajectory. 1022 00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:10,649 And that is very expensive. 1023 00:37:10,650 --> 00:37:12,359 But let's take that offline. 1024 00:37:12,360 --> 00:37:14,009 Sure. Thank you. 1025 00:37:14,010 --> 00:37:16,439 Do we have Internet questions? 1026 00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:18,809 Yes. Why are carbon nanotubes 1027 00:37:18,810 --> 00:37:20,610 or graphene sorbent materials? 1028 00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:23,969 Can you repeat, please, I didn't catch 1029 00:37:23,970 --> 00:37:24,970 the. 1030 00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:27,729 OK, not to 1031 00:37:27,730 --> 00:37:30,099 a carbon nanotubes are graphene 1032 00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:32,349 has been in the materials 1033 00:37:32,350 --> 00:37:34,479 that have talked about a lot, we 1034 00:37:34,480 --> 00:37:36,219 haven't read this whole bed materials for 1035 00:37:36,220 --> 00:37:37,119 the elevator. 1036 00:37:37,120 --> 00:37:38,479 No, there are good materials, but they 1037 00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:40,419 are not there yet. 1038 00:37:40,420 --> 00:37:41,889 That's the thing. 1039 00:37:41,890 --> 00:37:43,959 I gave a talk in 2002 1040 00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:45,829 13 on TotEx. 1041 00:37:45,830 --> 00:37:48,099 Whoever wants to Google Duncalf space 1042 00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:50,559 elevator finds that on YouTube. 1043 00:37:50,560 --> 00:37:52,629 And there I am talking about how to make 1044 00:37:52,630 --> 00:37:53,619 that possible. 1045 00:37:53,620 --> 00:37:56,019 And and 1046 00:37:56,020 --> 00:37:57,759 you can tell from my talk back then that 1047 00:37:57,760 --> 00:37:59,349 I was a little bit younger at the time 1048 00:37:59,350 --> 00:38:00,439 and a little bit uncertain. 1049 00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:02,229 So and that's why. 1050 00:38:02,230 --> 00:38:04,569 And then it's and that's exactly 1051 00:38:04,570 --> 00:38:06,879 the reason is that that the nanotubes 1052 00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:07,779 are not there yet. 1053 00:38:07,780 --> 00:38:10,659 So thanks for the question. 1054 00:38:10,660 --> 00:38:12,429 Number eight, please. 1055 00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:15,789 So high up here, 1056 00:38:15,790 --> 00:38:17,819 high up there. 1057 00:38:17,820 --> 00:38:19,869 You talked about that we have the 1058 00:38:19,870 --> 00:38:22,239 material to build a lunar 1059 00:38:22,240 --> 00:38:24,429 elevator, but not the Earth one. 1060 00:38:24,430 --> 00:38:26,919 So is it possible to make the Earth cable 1061 00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:28,809 just shorter and then use a rocket to 1062 00:38:28,810 --> 00:38:30,879 connect to the lower part of 1063 00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:31,569 the elevator? 1064 00:38:31,570 --> 00:38:32,739 That is true. 1065 00:38:32,740 --> 00:38:35,049 And you were invited 1066 00:38:35,050 --> 00:38:37,359 to give a talk next year about that. 1067 00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:39,699 Now, it's yeah, there's a whole 1068 00:38:39,700 --> 00:38:41,529 community out there about space tethers 1069 00:38:41,530 --> 00:38:43,689 and yes, there's options, 1070 00:38:43,690 --> 00:38:45,219 but there are sometimes risky because you 1071 00:38:45,220 --> 00:38:46,719 have to fly around the room at the end of 1072 00:38:46,720 --> 00:38:47,949 the cable. 1073 00:38:47,950 --> 00:38:49,809 And ESA even was involved in tether 1074 00:38:49,810 --> 00:38:51,849 experiments back in the 90s. 1075 00:38:51,850 --> 00:38:53,589 So, yes, there is a community out there 1076 00:38:53,590 --> 00:38:55,569 that makes it possible. 1077 00:38:55,570 --> 00:38:58,359 But the real benefit 1078 00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:00,249 that solves a lot of operational problem 1079 00:39:00,250 --> 00:39:02,409 is when you create a real 1080 00:39:02,410 --> 00:39:04,389 elevator that actually attaches to the 1081 00:39:04,390 --> 00:39:06,729 celestial celestial body. 1082 00:39:06,730 --> 00:39:08,499 I have a follow up question. 1083 00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:10,599 If you have a space tether, don't 1084 00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:13,269 you need fuel on board to reposition it, 1085 00:39:13,270 --> 00:39:15,669 otherwise it flies away or come back, 1086 00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:16,239 correct? 1087 00:39:16,240 --> 00:39:18,339 That is correct. And normally people 1088 00:39:18,340 --> 00:39:20,139 you'll ever solve that problem by making 1089 00:39:20,140 --> 00:39:22,359 a low thrust transfer using 1090 00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:24,519 solar electric propulsion or using 1091 00:39:24,520 --> 00:39:26,919 the Earth's magnetic field by putting 1092 00:39:26,920 --> 00:39:27,969 in electric power. 1093 00:39:27,970 --> 00:39:29,559 So there's all kinds of solutions for 1094 00:39:29,560 --> 00:39:30,309 that. 1095 00:39:30,310 --> 00:39:31,310 Oh, thanks. 1096 00:39:32,350 --> 00:39:34,059 Could we get No.6, please, 1097 00:39:35,980 --> 00:39:37,689 when you travel to the moon and the 1098 00:39:37,690 --> 00:39:39,729 obvious advantage of rocket space 1099 00:39:39,730 --> 00:39:41,859 transportation is that you can 1100 00:39:41,860 --> 00:39:43,959 more or less freely choose the point 1101 00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:45,189 of your landing. 1102 00:39:45,190 --> 00:39:47,259 So with that 1103 00:39:47,260 --> 00:39:49,569 space elevator concept, allow 1104 00:39:49,570 --> 00:39:51,639 to reposition the the 1105 00:39:51,640 --> 00:39:53,709 elevator so you can more 1106 00:39:53,710 --> 00:39:55,599 freely choose where you're going. 1107 00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:57,879 Yes, there is a paper that I'm citing 1108 00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:00,189 also in this talk by Pearson 1109 00:40:00,190 --> 00:40:02,409 in two thousand five or eight, 1110 00:40:04,360 --> 00:40:06,039 where they basically connect the elevator 1111 00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:06,939 to a tramway. 1112 00:40:06,940 --> 00:40:09,009 So they bend the elevator a bit to 1113 00:40:09,010 --> 00:40:10,629 higher latitudes and then starting from 1114 00:40:10,630 --> 00:40:12,969 that higher latitude points to a tramway. 1115 00:40:12,970 --> 00:40:15,039 But in any case, you can once you're on 1116 00:40:15,040 --> 00:40:16,539 the surface, you can drive. 1117 00:40:16,540 --> 00:40:18,759 I mean, oh, come on, take 1118 00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:20,259 your take you over. 1119 00:40:20,260 --> 00:40:22,659 Always drive and just go. 1120 00:40:22,660 --> 00:40:24,819 Or there's 1121 00:40:24,820 --> 00:40:27,369 more easy solutions to that then than 1122 00:40:27,370 --> 00:40:29,409 with a rocket. And you're right, with the 1123 00:40:29,410 --> 00:40:30,969 rocket, you can choose your landing site, 1124 00:40:30,970 --> 00:40:31,970 Frehley. 1125 00:40:33,570 --> 00:40:35,849 Could we get my number three, please? 1126 00:40:35,850 --> 00:40:38,129 Yes, I have a question about 1127 00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:40,349 the failure state and how it differs 1128 00:40:40,350 --> 00:40:42,689 from for Earth cable 1129 00:40:42,690 --> 00:40:43,919 and the moon cable. 1130 00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:46,139 So I would guess an 1131 00:40:46,140 --> 00:40:47,579 Earth cable would burn up in the 1132 00:40:47,580 --> 00:40:50,219 atmosphere. If something goes wrong, 1133 00:40:50,220 --> 00:40:52,019 what would it be for a moon cable? 1134 00:40:52,020 --> 00:40:54,209 So so first of all, the moon cable, if 1135 00:40:54,210 --> 00:40:56,339 it disconnects so that there 1136 00:40:56,340 --> 00:40:57,809 is one part coming back, it would just 1137 00:40:57,810 --> 00:41:00,019 impact the lunar surface and be destroyed 1138 00:41:00,020 --> 00:41:02,139 upon impact, normally with high 1139 00:41:02,140 --> 00:41:05,459 velocity impact to get a complete 1140 00:41:05,460 --> 00:41:07,469 obliteration of the material. 1141 00:41:07,470 --> 00:41:09,599 And about only 10 percent or even five 1142 00:41:09,600 --> 00:41:10,589 percent stay on the surface. 1143 00:41:10,590 --> 00:41:11,909 The rest goes into the solar wind. 1144 00:41:12,990 --> 00:41:15,329 But that that 1145 00:41:15,330 --> 00:41:16,589 doesn't have to take place. 1146 00:41:16,590 --> 00:41:19,409 You can always sever the cable on purpose 1147 00:41:19,410 --> 00:41:21,269 when you have a break. 1148 00:41:21,270 --> 00:41:23,309 And there are a couple of other things 1149 00:41:23,310 --> 00:41:25,049 are the reasons that I didn't explain in 1150 00:41:25,050 --> 00:41:27,719 my talk why potentially 1151 00:41:27,720 --> 00:41:29,399 you can make it so that the cable never 1152 00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:30,400 breaks. 1153 00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:34,609 Make number four, please. 1154 00:41:34,610 --> 00:41:36,709 I your slides that the 1155 00:41:36,710 --> 00:41:39,169 calculations about to Caban Wobble were 1156 00:41:39,170 --> 00:41:41,479 taken with elevator speeds of about 1157 00:41:41,480 --> 00:41:44,089 250 kilometers per hour, 1158 00:41:44,090 --> 00:41:46,579 calculating that the cable 1159 00:41:46,580 --> 00:41:48,619 from Earth would be about 150000 1160 00:41:48,620 --> 00:41:50,239 kilometers long. 1161 00:41:50,240 --> 00:41:52,519 I make that four point five weeks 1162 00:41:52,520 --> 00:41:54,169 around that. 1163 00:41:54,170 --> 00:41:56,239 So the whole transfer would 1164 00:41:56,240 --> 00:41:58,069 take multiple months. 1165 00:41:58,070 --> 00:42:00,169 Yes. Are there any plans on sending 1166 00:42:00,170 --> 00:42:02,239 humans up with that space elevator or 1167 00:42:02,240 --> 00:42:04,339 would it be like 1168 00:42:04,340 --> 00:42:06,329 cheaper because they're faster? 1169 00:42:06,330 --> 00:42:08,449 The only reason we have unmanned space 1170 00:42:08,450 --> 00:42:10,609 program is because you can you 1171 00:42:10,610 --> 00:42:11,989 cannot make small humans. 1172 00:42:14,480 --> 00:42:16,549 And and if you have a system that 1173 00:42:16,550 --> 00:42:18,319 is so capable, like the space elevator, 1174 00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:20,719 you would take humans from day one. 1175 00:42:20,720 --> 00:42:21,829 So. So, yes. 1176 00:42:21,830 --> 00:42:23,599 And they would just have the food for 1177 00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:25,429 four, five, five months. 1178 00:42:25,430 --> 00:42:26,329 OK, thank you. 1179 00:42:26,330 --> 00:42:27,829 You're welcome. Well, technically, we 1180 00:42:27,830 --> 00:42:29,519 have small humans, very small. 1181 00:42:29,520 --> 00:42:30,520 But 1182 00:42:32,660 --> 00:42:33,949 could we get another question from the 1183 00:42:33,950 --> 00:42:35,299 Internet place? 1184 00:42:35,300 --> 00:42:37,879 Yes. How about the vote that's generated 1185 00:42:37,880 --> 00:42:40,249 by the magnetic field of the elevator? 1186 00:42:40,250 --> 00:42:42,379 Would it be a risk or another source of 1187 00:42:42,380 --> 00:42:44,809 energy both 1188 00:42:44,810 --> 00:42:45,919 for the Earth elevator? 1189 00:42:45,920 --> 00:42:47,780 It could be a source of energy 1190 00:42:48,950 --> 00:42:51,259 or depending on the material you choose. 1191 00:42:51,260 --> 00:42:53,179 But for the moon elevator, there is no 1192 00:42:53,180 --> 00:42:55,339 voltage because there is no 1193 00:42:55,340 --> 00:42:57,280 global magnetic field around the moon. 1194 00:42:59,430 --> 00:43:00,959 Number eight, please. 1195 00:43:04,020 --> 00:43:05,320 You saved 1196 00:43:06,420 --> 00:43:08,549 a space elevator from Earth 1197 00:43:08,550 --> 00:43:10,799 is not possible with 1198 00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:12,899 materials. We know 1199 00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:15,059 what is about a launch 1200 00:43:15,060 --> 00:43:16,060 loop or. 1201 00:43:17,930 --> 00:43:20,179 Something a 1202 00:43:20,180 --> 00:43:22,369 so you talk about 1203 00:43:23,570 --> 00:43:25,969 you try to connect 1204 00:43:25,970 --> 00:43:28,879 both ends of cable 1205 00:43:28,880 --> 00:43:31,489 up to the earth and 1206 00:43:31,490 --> 00:43:32,659 oh, OK, 1207 00:43:33,740 --> 00:43:35,509 I haven't looked at that concept, never 1208 00:43:35,510 --> 00:43:36,949 heard of it, but thanks for the 1209 00:43:36,950 --> 00:43:37,429 inspiration. 1210 00:43:37,430 --> 00:43:38,779 I will look it up. 1211 00:43:38,780 --> 00:43:41,239 Launch love. You said, though, like they 1212 00:43:41,240 --> 00:43:42,559 have both hands on the earth and then 1213 00:43:42,560 --> 00:43:44,219 with centrifugal force you can. 1214 00:43:44,220 --> 00:43:46,399 Yeah, OK. The tension will probably be 1215 00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:48,499 the same. But let me let me 1216 00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:49,879 check it out. Sounds interesting. 1217 00:43:49,880 --> 00:43:50,880 Thank you. 1218 00:43:52,450 --> 00:43:54,280 Could we get number three, please? 1219 00:43:56,410 --> 00:43:58,659 Coming back to your question from 1220 00:43:58,660 --> 00:44:00,519 the beginning, whether we will see it as 1221 00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:01,929 in our lifetime or not. 1222 00:44:01,930 --> 00:44:04,029 Can you give an estimate, 1223 00:44:04,030 --> 00:44:06,639 maybe an optimistic or realistic estimate 1224 00:44:06,640 --> 00:44:08,019 on the time line? 1225 00:44:08,020 --> 00:44:09,489 How far is the research? 1226 00:44:09,490 --> 00:44:11,979 So. So if I was president 1227 00:44:11,980 --> 00:44:13,989 of the world will have it in 2050. 1228 00:44:22,850 --> 00:44:24,439 It really depends very much on the 1229 00:44:24,440 --> 00:44:26,149 decisions that are taken on a global 1230 00:44:26,150 --> 00:44:28,369 scale and these days just look at 1231 00:44:28,370 --> 00:44:30,679 the new US administration and some 1232 00:44:30,680 --> 00:44:32,539 movements here in Europe that are 1233 00:44:32,540 --> 00:44:34,849 detrimental to the efforts of gaining 1234 00:44:34,850 --> 00:44:35,850 more knowledge. 1235 00:44:36,950 --> 00:44:39,079 So but if we take the path of knowledge, 1236 00:44:39,080 --> 00:44:40,879 I'm pretty sure that will have more. 1237 00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:42,739 Well, yes, I plan to have a moon program 1238 00:44:42,740 --> 00:44:44,869 in the 20s, 30s, and the 1239 00:44:44,870 --> 00:44:46,939 moon village will be implemented 1240 00:44:46,940 --> 00:44:48,839 that Boehner will talk about. 1241 00:44:48,840 --> 00:44:50,269 I'm pretty sure we'll have a permanent 1242 00:44:50,270 --> 00:44:51,619 settlement on the moon somewhere in the 1243 00:44:51,620 --> 00:44:52,760 mid 20s, 30s. 1244 00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:56,809 And then and then the necessity 1245 00:44:56,810 --> 00:44:58,939 of having the efficient transport system 1246 00:44:58,940 --> 00:45:01,129 will force people to build a space 1247 00:45:01,130 --> 00:45:03,229 elevator. And that will be then 1248 00:45:03,230 --> 00:45:04,759 20, 50. 1249 00:45:04,760 --> 00:45:06,829 And I plan on being around 1250 00:45:06,830 --> 00:45:07,830 that long. 1251 00:45:11,180 --> 00:45:13,279 Make number four, please, on the 1252 00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:15,379 topic of focusing resources, so we 1253 00:45:15,380 --> 00:45:16,939 talked about the cost effectiveness of 1254 00:45:16,940 --> 00:45:18,979 rockets, but we didn't talk about 1255 00:45:18,980 --> 00:45:21,079 reusable rockets as push for 1256 00:45:21,080 --> 00:45:22,819 now by Elon Musk and SpaceX. 1257 00:45:22,820 --> 00:45:24,019 I was wondering if you could talk about 1258 00:45:24,020 --> 00:45:26,209 the cost effectiveness of reusable 1259 00:45:26,210 --> 00:45:28,579 rockets versus space elevators in terms 1260 00:45:28,580 --> 00:45:30,469 of focusing our resources that we have 1261 00:45:30,470 --> 00:45:30,909 currently. 1262 00:45:30,910 --> 00:45:32,089 Right. Great question. 1263 00:45:32,090 --> 00:45:34,309 Thank you. We know from Elon 1264 00:45:34,310 --> 00:45:36,409 that that rockets, 1265 00:45:36,410 --> 00:45:38,569 reusable rockets are about 30 percent 1266 00:45:38,570 --> 00:45:40,549 better than your reusable ones. 1267 00:45:40,550 --> 00:45:41,569 Right. 1268 00:45:41,570 --> 00:45:43,999 So that brings down anything 1269 00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:46,159 back to the moon from 1270 00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:48,479 10 million to nine 1271 00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:49,480 hundred 1272 00:45:50,900 --> 00:45:53,599 nine million seven hundred thousand 1273 00:45:53,600 --> 00:45:55,279 per kilogram. 1274 00:45:55,280 --> 00:45:56,209 So that's great. 1275 00:45:56,210 --> 00:45:58,129 But it's still rocket technology. 1276 00:45:58,130 --> 00:45:59,689 The space elevators are estimated to 1277 00:45:59,690 --> 00:46:02,070 lower that by a factor of 100. 1278 00:46:03,620 --> 00:46:05,809 Now, that includes the 1279 00:46:05,810 --> 00:46:08,119 initial investment, but 1280 00:46:08,120 --> 00:46:10,249 assuming that the initial 1281 00:46:10,250 --> 00:46:12,949 investment will be less than 10 percent 1282 00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:15,409 of the turnover. 1283 00:46:15,410 --> 00:46:17,329 So the turnover, of course, you have to 1284 00:46:17,330 --> 00:46:18,350 put a lot of 1285 00:46:19,490 --> 00:46:21,829 business in it to make it work. 1286 00:46:21,830 --> 00:46:23,299 And that's that's the problem with the 1287 00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:24,949 space elevator. If there is not enough 1288 00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:27,049 business for it to do, then 1289 00:46:27,050 --> 00:46:28,460 people will never engage in it. 1290 00:46:31,140 --> 00:46:33,869 Mike, number six, please, 1291 00:46:33,870 --> 00:46:35,369 so thanks for the talk. 1292 00:46:35,370 --> 00:46:37,529 And first, and so 1293 00:46:37,530 --> 00:46:39,689 from our talk, I guess that the 1294 00:46:39,690 --> 00:46:41,909 moon elevator is currently already 1295 00:46:41,910 --> 00:46:44,129 technically feasible or 1296 00:46:44,130 --> 00:46:46,559 suitable. So are there any plans or 1297 00:46:46,560 --> 00:46:47,560 what's the timeline? 1298 00:46:49,680 --> 00:46:51,959 The ESA has not it does not have 1299 00:46:51,960 --> 00:46:54,089 a space elevator program. 1300 00:46:54,090 --> 00:46:56,219 We have made a couple of experiments 1301 00:46:56,220 --> 00:46:58,559 with space tethers that were 1302 00:46:58,560 --> 00:47:00,659 quite successful and we have that in our 1303 00:47:00,660 --> 00:47:01,619 knowledge base. 1304 00:47:01,620 --> 00:47:03,749 The reason why ESA is not engaging in it 1305 00:47:03,750 --> 00:47:06,119 is because our task is to enable 1306 00:47:06,120 --> 00:47:08,759 research for our member states. 1307 00:47:08,760 --> 00:47:10,889 And research is 1308 00:47:10,890 --> 00:47:12,359 not the prime target of the space 1309 00:47:12,360 --> 00:47:13,360 elevator. 1310 00:47:14,130 --> 00:47:16,409 There is a space elevator consortium 1311 00:47:16,410 --> 00:47:18,210 and you will find something on the 1312 00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:21,689 for example here, the one that I showed 1313 00:47:21,690 --> 00:47:23,609 the lift part dotcom. 1314 00:47:23,610 --> 00:47:25,319 You will find that they have a timeline 1315 00:47:25,320 --> 00:47:27,419 in them and it's a private consortium 1316 00:47:27,420 --> 00:47:29,489 and their plan is to make a business 1317 00:47:29,490 --> 00:47:32,489 case for the space elevator. 1318 00:47:32,490 --> 00:47:34,049 OK, thanks, Mike. 1319 00:47:34,050 --> 00:47:35,249 Number two, please. 1320 00:47:35,250 --> 00:47:36,689 Thank you at first. 1321 00:47:36,690 --> 00:47:38,699 Thank you for the nice talk. 1322 00:47:38,700 --> 00:47:40,319 I have the question. 1323 00:47:40,320 --> 00:47:42,419 There's often the argument that we 1324 00:47:42,420 --> 00:47:44,519 shouldn't engage in human space travel 1325 00:47:44,520 --> 00:47:46,409 because of the costs and the risks. 1326 00:47:46,410 --> 00:47:48,569 And it's really, really 1327 00:47:48,570 --> 00:47:49,570 hard. 1328 00:47:49,950 --> 00:47:52,289 What would you give as an argument 1329 00:47:52,290 --> 00:47:53,939 against that? 1330 00:47:53,940 --> 00:47:56,129 So I'm in space business in 16 1331 00:47:56,130 --> 00:47:57,789 years, so I have answered that question 1332 00:47:57,790 --> 00:47:59,429 in a couple of times. So forgive me if I 1333 00:47:59,430 --> 00:48:01,860 feel a little bit superior at this stage. 1334 00:48:03,420 --> 00:48:05,609 So so first of all, the cost 1335 00:48:05,610 --> 00:48:07,109 is not tremendously high. 1336 00:48:07,110 --> 00:48:08,999 And don't forget, any euro that you put 1337 00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:10,949 in the space program does not go to 1338 00:48:10,950 --> 00:48:11,999 space. 1339 00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:13,529 The euro stays here. 1340 00:48:13,530 --> 00:48:16,109 And we've done a benefit analysis by ESA 1341 00:48:16,110 --> 00:48:18,359 that roughly for each euro invested by 1342 00:48:18,360 --> 00:48:20,669 our member states, they get five 1343 00:48:20,670 --> 00:48:21,719 euros back. 1344 00:48:21,720 --> 00:48:24,089 And I can tell you about the details 1345 00:48:24,090 --> 00:48:25,090 if you if you want. 1346 00:48:26,520 --> 00:48:28,589 The second thing is that that 1347 00:48:28,590 --> 00:48:31,199 space is right now we're looking at about 1348 00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:33,269 one percent or less than one, much less 1349 00:48:33,270 --> 00:48:35,039 than one percent of national spending. 1350 00:48:35,040 --> 00:48:37,139 So there is not a big part of 1351 00:48:37,140 --> 00:48:38,369 the national budget. 1352 00:48:38,370 --> 00:48:40,619 The third point about the risk is human 1353 00:48:40,620 --> 00:48:42,449 space flight risk is really only to the 1354 00:48:42,450 --> 00:48:43,379 astronauts. 1355 00:48:43,380 --> 00:48:45,329 And they have a contract that says you 1356 00:48:45,330 --> 00:48:46,649 have a risky job. 1357 00:48:46,650 --> 00:48:48,299 Are you ready to take that risk? 1358 00:48:48,300 --> 00:48:50,499 And they say, sure, go, go, go ahead. 1359 00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:54,659 And so that's the risk bit. 1360 00:48:54,660 --> 00:48:55,679 And that was it, right? 1361 00:48:57,480 --> 00:48:59,609 Yeah. As opposed to the point 1362 00:48:59,610 --> 00:49:01,889 that we can do it without 1363 00:49:01,890 --> 00:49:04,319 humans or people 1364 00:49:04,320 --> 00:49:06,449 tell me I'm not really behind 1365 00:49:06,450 --> 00:49:07,450 this. 1366 00:49:08,160 --> 00:49:10,079 Tell me we can do it without you. 1367 00:49:10,080 --> 00:49:11,519 And so why don't we try? 1368 00:49:11,520 --> 00:49:13,919 So I cannot exclude that possibility 1369 00:49:13,920 --> 00:49:15,809 that someday we will have intelligent 1370 00:49:15,810 --> 00:49:16,799 machines. 1371 00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:19,159 But I've tried to know I've 1372 00:49:19,160 --> 00:49:21,299 I've fooled a security camera 1373 00:49:21,300 --> 00:49:23,489 the other day by just having 1374 00:49:23,490 --> 00:49:25,679 my glasses, my shades hanging out 1375 00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:26,849 of my mouth. 1376 00:49:26,850 --> 00:49:28,199 Right. Not putting them on. 1377 00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:29,549 Just put them in your mouth. 1378 00:49:29,550 --> 00:49:31,679 No security camera will recognize your 1379 00:49:31,680 --> 00:49:32,939 face. 1380 00:49:32,940 --> 00:49:35,009 So so that tells 1381 00:49:35,010 --> 00:49:37,289 you there is not intelligent computers 1382 00:49:37,290 --> 00:49:39,119 today because the security sector has 1383 00:49:39,120 --> 00:49:41,219 billions and billions of euros 1384 00:49:41,220 --> 00:49:42,300 to spend on this stuff. 1385 00:49:43,560 --> 00:49:45,989 And like I said in my beginning 1386 00:49:45,990 --> 00:49:48,389 in 1972, there was an article which 1387 00:49:48,390 --> 00:49:50,429 said that there will be intelligent 1388 00:49:50,430 --> 00:49:52,529 robots very soon and 1389 00:49:52,530 --> 00:49:53,909 I am still waiting for them. 1390 00:49:53,910 --> 00:49:55,919 I'm sorry, but it could be there in 20 1391 00:49:55,920 --> 00:49:57,899 years. No, could be. 1392 00:49:57,900 --> 00:49:58,900 Thank you. 1393 00:49:59,550 --> 00:50:01,709 Could we get the Internet, please, 1394 00:50:01,710 --> 00:50:04,019 if this is a quite practical question, 1395 00:50:04,020 --> 00:50:07,019 however, to deploy and fix the cable. 1396 00:50:07,020 --> 00:50:08,579 Yeah, that's a brilliant question. 1397 00:50:08,580 --> 00:50:10,409 And I skip that in my talk and apologies 1398 00:50:10,410 --> 00:50:11,429 for that. 1399 00:50:11,430 --> 00:50:13,639 Thanks. And that's why the question 1400 00:50:13,640 --> 00:50:15,569 gives me an answer opportunity to answer 1401 00:50:15,570 --> 00:50:18,449 it. So the rocket would bring 1402 00:50:18,450 --> 00:50:20,909 roughly a hundred to a thousand 1403 00:50:20,910 --> 00:50:22,979 tongue cable to the libration 1404 00:50:22,980 --> 00:50:24,899 point to this stable point that I showed 1405 00:50:24,900 --> 00:50:27,299 before. And then from that point on, 1406 00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:28,949 the cable would be deployed at the same 1407 00:50:28,950 --> 00:50:31,199 rate upwards and downwards, 1408 00:50:31,200 --> 00:50:33,119 maintaining the center of gravity at that 1409 00:50:33,120 --> 00:50:35,129 stable point and doing a little bit of 1410 00:50:35,130 --> 00:50:36,779 station keeping, not too much. 1411 00:50:36,780 --> 00:50:38,759 And once deployed, it will stay there for 1412 00:50:38,760 --> 00:50:40,859 decades. So so then after 1413 00:50:40,860 --> 00:50:42,809 that you can launch another rocket, very 1414 00:50:42,810 --> 00:50:44,939 small one with a with the climber and fly 1415 00:50:44,940 --> 00:50:46,889 rendezvous, attach it and then it could 1416 00:50:46,890 --> 00:50:48,869 go up and down any time. 1417 00:50:48,870 --> 00:50:51,059 So it's really and I would 1418 00:50:51,060 --> 00:50:53,219 prefer that the person who has 1419 00:50:53,220 --> 00:50:54,840 asked the question also to the 1420 00:50:55,950 --> 00:50:57,359 space elevator, Vickki, that I'm 1421 00:50:57,360 --> 00:50:59,249 listening here on my links because there 1422 00:50:59,250 --> 00:51:00,510 is some information there. 1423 00:51:02,590 --> 00:51:04,059 Mike, number three, please. 1424 00:51:05,170 --> 00:51:08,199 I have two questions, the first one is, 1425 00:51:08,200 --> 00:51:10,149 how are we going to build the cable? 1426 00:51:10,150 --> 00:51:12,489 Is it are we transporting materials from 1427 00:51:12,490 --> 00:51:14,679 Earth to moon or are we going to mine 1428 00:51:14,680 --> 00:51:16,359 it from there? And the second question 1429 00:51:16,360 --> 00:51:18,489 is, how 1430 00:51:18,490 --> 00:51:19,899 are we going to build the cable? 1431 00:51:19,900 --> 00:51:21,939 Are we using, like, 3-D printers? 1432 00:51:22,960 --> 00:51:25,029 So so first part of the question, 1433 00:51:25,030 --> 00:51:27,459 both options exist so you can bring 1434 00:51:27,460 --> 00:51:30,099 everything from Earth there. 1435 00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:31,689 That's the more expensive way, but the 1436 00:51:31,690 --> 00:51:32,690 more safe way. 1437 00:51:33,940 --> 00:51:35,979 The other alternative is you bring a 1438 00:51:35,980 --> 00:51:38,049 small pilot cable and then you start 1439 00:51:38,050 --> 00:51:40,239 building strands of the cable and pull 1440 00:51:40,240 --> 00:51:42,549 it along the pilot cable up 1441 00:51:42,550 --> 00:51:44,739 and then make a thicker cable out of the 1442 00:51:44,740 --> 00:51:47,019 pilot cable through through a 1443 00:51:47,020 --> 00:51:49,569 that's cheaper and less risky one. 1444 00:51:49,570 --> 00:51:51,369 And a yes, footprinting printing is 1445 00:51:51,370 --> 00:51:52,419 definitely an option. 1446 00:51:52,420 --> 00:51:54,369 And I actually deleted one slide that 1447 00:51:54,370 --> 00:51:56,769 showed how the structure of the cable is 1448 00:51:56,770 --> 00:51:58,959 because I wanted more of your questions. 1449 00:51:58,960 --> 00:52:00,819 So I deleted slides. 1450 00:52:00,820 --> 00:52:01,839 So so 1451 00:52:03,460 --> 00:52:05,289 the the idea is to have like a 1452 00:52:05,290 --> 00:52:07,449 crisscrossing set of strands that would 1453 00:52:07,450 --> 00:52:09,909 allow the breakage of one strand 1454 00:52:09,910 --> 00:52:12,009 without the cable breaking, or you can 1455 00:52:12,010 --> 00:52:14,679 make it breakage of five strands without 1456 00:52:14,680 --> 00:52:16,209 breaking of the cable. 1457 00:52:16,210 --> 00:52:18,309 And by that way and also that would 1458 00:52:18,310 --> 00:52:20,499 allow then crews to go up 1459 00:52:20,500 --> 00:52:22,519 and fix the cable if there is a broken 1460 00:52:22,520 --> 00:52:25,059 strand that would go up, displace 1461 00:52:25,060 --> 00:52:27,459 the cable and then get the strand 1462 00:52:27,460 --> 00:52:29,829 out, put the insert 1463 00:52:29,830 --> 00:52:32,049 the new splice and pull a new 1464 00:52:32,050 --> 00:52:35,039 cable thing and adjust the tension on it. 1465 00:52:35,040 --> 00:52:36,040 Thanks. 1466 00:52:38,940 --> 00:52:41,189 Could we get number six, please? 1467 00:52:43,800 --> 00:52:46,079 Arthur C. Clarke have never 1468 00:52:46,080 --> 00:52:48,179 thought of paradise and where 1469 00:52:48,180 --> 00:52:50,779 you described the elevator 1470 00:52:50,780 --> 00:52:53,609 concept and they have many papers 1471 00:52:53,610 --> 00:52:55,769 written about this concept 1472 00:52:55,770 --> 00:52:57,839 to using hyperbolic 1473 00:52:57,840 --> 00:53:00,719 structures like all independent 1474 00:53:00,720 --> 00:53:04,199 oil drilling platform are using it also. 1475 00:53:04,200 --> 00:53:06,179 And I would like to know they have 1476 00:53:06,180 --> 00:53:08,609 already calculated an equation how much 1477 00:53:08,610 --> 00:53:11,069 how much time it takes 1478 00:53:11,070 --> 00:53:13,199 to lift up 1479 00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:15,449 a human being from Earth to 1480 00:53:15,450 --> 00:53:17,190 Earth and 1481 00:53:18,390 --> 00:53:21,539 the sea global space exploration 1482 00:53:21,540 --> 00:53:23,229 strategy. 1483 00:53:23,230 --> 00:53:25,019 This is because it looks like the 1484 00:53:25,020 --> 00:53:28,019 International Space Station will be up 1485 00:53:28,020 --> 00:53:30,269 until 2025. 1486 00:53:30,270 --> 00:53:32,699 At least the financing is 1487 00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:34,439 secured until then. 1488 00:53:34,440 --> 00:53:36,749 And what it will be after is 1489 00:53:36,750 --> 00:53:38,849 also possible to use his 1490 00:53:38,850 --> 00:53:41,549 S4 as a springboard, 1491 00:53:41,550 --> 00:53:44,129 as is often mentioned to the moon. 1492 00:53:44,130 --> 00:53:46,379 OK, you think so at three 1493 00:53:46,380 --> 00:53:48,239 parts, right? So, yes, an orphan of 1494 00:53:48,240 --> 00:53:49,409 paradise, a very good book. 1495 00:53:49,410 --> 00:53:51,749 And it's really about the economic and 1496 00:53:51,750 --> 00:53:53,819 socio economic impact of 1497 00:53:53,820 --> 00:53:54,749 a space elevator. 1498 00:53:54,750 --> 00:53:56,129 So that's very interesting things worth 1499 00:53:56,130 --> 00:53:58,319 mentioning that now the technical 1500 00:53:58,320 --> 00:54:00,089 solutions and discussions that are in 1501 00:54:00,090 --> 00:54:01,019 this book and Arthur C. 1502 00:54:01,020 --> 00:54:02,130 Clarke as an engineer 1503 00:54:03,210 --> 00:54:04,409 are very interesting. 1504 00:54:04,410 --> 00:54:06,959 And honestly, I haven't looked into them 1505 00:54:06,960 --> 00:54:08,429 so, so very much. 1506 00:54:08,430 --> 00:54:10,049 There is a lot of interesting solutions 1507 00:54:10,050 --> 00:54:11,190 there for the anchor point. 1508 00:54:12,420 --> 00:54:14,489 The second part of the question was about 1509 00:54:14,490 --> 00:54:16,559 the the travel time, and that 1510 00:54:16,560 --> 00:54:18,029 was answered by a colleague before. 1511 00:54:18,030 --> 00:54:19,199 So we're talking about months. 1512 00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:20,849 If you have a slow elevator, you can 1513 00:54:20,850 --> 00:54:22,589 speed it up. You know, you're in a vacuum 1514 00:54:22,590 --> 00:54:24,329 so you can go a thousand kilometers an 1515 00:54:24,330 --> 00:54:26,849 hour without too much damaging 1516 00:54:26,850 --> 00:54:27,850 your haircut. 1517 00:54:29,550 --> 00:54:31,019 So so that would work. 1518 00:54:31,020 --> 00:54:32,969 So cut it down from a couple of months to 1519 00:54:32,970 --> 00:54:34,469 a couple of weeks. 1520 00:54:34,470 --> 00:54:36,509 And the third question was the global 1521 00:54:36,510 --> 00:54:38,219 space exploration is the International 1522 00:54:38,220 --> 00:54:39,809 Space Exploration Coordination Group. 1523 00:54:39,810 --> 00:54:41,969 And thanks for that question, because 1524 00:54:41,970 --> 00:54:43,709 in that group, we're preparing the next 1525 00:54:43,710 --> 00:54:46,199 steps together with NASA, with Roscosmos, 1526 00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:48,119 with the Chinese space agency. 1527 00:54:48,120 --> 00:54:50,249 And the next step will very likely be 1528 00:54:50,250 --> 00:54:52,739 the creation of a 1529 00:54:52,740 --> 00:54:54,809 small staging outpost 1530 00:54:54,810 --> 00:54:56,130 in cislunar space. 1531 00:54:58,650 --> 00:55:00,359 Could we get microphone number one, 1532 00:55:00,360 --> 00:55:01,529 please? 1533 00:55:01,530 --> 00:55:02,639 Yeah, OK, thank you. 1534 00:55:03,990 --> 00:55:05,369 Two small questions. 1535 00:55:05,370 --> 00:55:07,499 The first ones might seem 1536 00:55:07,500 --> 00:55:09,629 a little naive, but once the elevator is 1537 00:55:09,630 --> 00:55:10,630 in place 1538 00:55:11,730 --> 00:55:13,889 to climb up the elevator, wouldn't that 1539 00:55:13,890 --> 00:55:15,839 apply a downward momentum? 1540 00:55:15,840 --> 00:55:17,969 How do you keep the edge of the rope in 1541 00:55:17,970 --> 00:55:18,869 place? 1542 00:55:18,870 --> 00:55:19,919 Right. 1543 00:55:19,920 --> 00:55:22,109 Yes, but it's so small 1544 00:55:22,110 --> 00:55:24,419 that the one ton 1545 00:55:24,420 --> 00:55:26,159 cabin you would have a 1546 00:55:27,690 --> 00:55:30,239 you would have a 1547 00:55:30,240 --> 00:55:32,549 thousand tonne cable, No. 1548 00:55:32,550 --> 00:55:34,859 Two ton the two ton climber 1549 00:55:34,860 --> 00:55:37,709 would have a thousand tonne cable 1550 00:55:37,710 --> 00:55:39,749 simply because of the math, how it works 1551 00:55:39,750 --> 00:55:41,609 out. And you can check the papers. 1552 00:55:41,610 --> 00:55:43,679 So the Sea Org would go a 1553 00:55:43,680 --> 00:55:45,809 little bit slower, lower, and you 1554 00:55:45,810 --> 00:55:47,609 can compensate that by a little bit of 1555 00:55:47,610 --> 00:55:50,219 motion below its 1556 00:55:50,220 --> 00:55:52,739 intricate. So the horizontal motion 1557 00:55:52,740 --> 00:55:54,989 by a mobile platform that travels 1558 00:55:54,990 --> 00:55:57,029 100 meters on the lunar surface can 1559 00:55:57,030 --> 00:55:59,099 compensate, can provide the 1560 00:55:59,100 --> 00:56:01,319 energy to 1561 00:56:01,320 --> 00:56:02,399 attach it. 1562 00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:04,320 Once you have attached to this 1563 00:56:05,910 --> 00:56:08,249 cabin, then it climbs 1564 00:56:08,250 --> 00:56:10,379 up and the COAG will approach again its 1565 00:56:10,380 --> 00:56:11,429 original state. 1566 00:56:11,430 --> 00:56:13,289 But these are menu changes and mainly 1567 00:56:13,290 --> 00:56:15,569 they they cause oscillations that didn't 1568 00:56:15,570 --> 00:56:18,029 have to be managed in horizontal mode. 1569 00:56:18,030 --> 00:56:20,189 OK, and the other question 1570 00:56:20,190 --> 00:56:22,559 was, say we managed 1571 00:56:22,560 --> 00:56:25,589 to build an elevator on the moon, but 1572 00:56:25,590 --> 00:56:27,089 the whole technical thing for the earth 1573 00:56:27,090 --> 00:56:28,139 just doesn't work out. 1574 00:56:28,140 --> 00:56:30,149 And so we are stuck with just an elevator 1575 00:56:30,150 --> 00:56:31,229 on the moon. Yes. 1576 00:56:31,230 --> 00:56:33,389 How useful would that actually be? 1577 00:56:33,390 --> 00:56:35,849 So so the usefulness of that 1578 00:56:35,850 --> 00:56:37,559 and get back to that image 1579 00:56:38,880 --> 00:56:39,880 is. 1580 00:56:41,020 --> 00:56:43,239 This so you cut to 1581 00:56:43,240 --> 00:56:45,829 the delta in half, 1582 00:56:45,830 --> 00:56:48,369 enabling reusable rockets going 1583 00:56:48,370 --> 00:56:50,979 to and from the moon, so it will be 1584 00:56:50,980 --> 00:56:53,079 about half as expensive as it is 1585 00:56:53,080 --> 00:56:55,209 today. So you cutting from 10 million 1586 00:56:55,210 --> 00:56:56,439 to five million? 1587 00:56:56,440 --> 00:56:57,729 Is that enough for our economy? 1588 00:56:57,730 --> 00:56:58,709 I don't know. 1589 00:56:58,710 --> 00:57:00,909 OK, so it would be better, but 1590 00:57:00,910 --> 00:57:03,189 it wouldn't solve the problem at 1591 00:57:03,190 --> 00:57:04,329 all. Exactly. 1592 00:57:04,330 --> 00:57:05,739 OK, thank you. 1593 00:57:05,740 --> 00:57:06,789 Number two, please. 1594 00:57:08,110 --> 00:57:10,269 So you talked about economy 1595 00:57:10,270 --> 00:57:12,549 and I wondered, is there any 1596 00:57:12,550 --> 00:57:14,679 concerns about who owns the moon 1597 00:57:14,680 --> 00:57:16,959 or may we face the next war on 1598 00:57:16,960 --> 00:57:18,699 resources in 2050? 1599 00:57:18,700 --> 00:57:21,099 That that there is a 1600 00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:23,229 there is a consensus officially by the 1601 00:57:23,230 --> 00:57:25,389 UN, which means that nobody can no 1602 00:57:25,390 --> 00:57:27,069 nation can own the moon. 1603 00:57:27,070 --> 00:57:29,079 And that includes, by the way, private 1604 00:57:29,080 --> 00:57:30,789 companies, because each private company 1605 00:57:30,790 --> 00:57:33,339 has to have its legal framework 1606 00:57:33,340 --> 00:57:34,450 set up by a nation. 1607 00:57:36,430 --> 00:57:38,529 But, of course, you know, things always 1608 00:57:38,530 --> 00:57:40,839 go different than the official 1609 00:57:40,840 --> 00:57:42,969 ways. And already now there 1610 00:57:42,970 --> 00:57:44,649 is a lot of discussion about who owns the 1611 00:57:44,650 --> 00:57:46,659 moon. And I think we'll have to wait for 1612 00:57:46,660 --> 00:57:47,660 the war. 1613 00:57:50,380 --> 00:57:52,329 Maybe that's a chance to occupy the moon. 1614 00:57:53,590 --> 00:57:55,479 Could we could we get a question from the 1615 00:57:55,480 --> 00:57:56,480 Internet? 1616 00:58:00,420 --> 00:58:02,519 Traveling from wooden back to Earth 1617 00:58:02,520 --> 00:58:04,769 via elevator, would you amend the U.S. 1618 00:58:04,770 --> 00:58:06,779 atmosphere to break or would you have to 1619 00:58:06,780 --> 00:58:08,849 have some propellant 1620 00:58:08,850 --> 00:58:10,619 you don't need either? 1621 00:58:10,620 --> 00:58:12,569 Because when you go down on the cable, 1622 00:58:12,570 --> 00:58:14,699 you will keep rotating with 1623 00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:16,829 Earth. So unless there is a high 1624 00:58:16,830 --> 00:58:18,869 altitude wind, there will be no friction 1625 00:58:18,870 --> 00:58:19,919 with the atmosphere. 1626 00:58:19,920 --> 00:58:21,779 So we would basically go that the air 1627 00:58:21,780 --> 00:58:23,129 would become ever denser. 1628 00:58:23,130 --> 00:58:24,539 As you go down. 1629 00:58:24,540 --> 00:58:27,079 Basically the first 100 for 1630 00:58:27,080 --> 00:58:29,669 the one hundred 1631 00:58:29,670 --> 00:58:32,159 forty or more than 1632 00:58:32,160 --> 00:58:33,690 one hundred thirty thousand, no 1633 00:58:35,020 --> 00:58:37,349 mass on stage is just terrible mental 1634 00:58:37,350 --> 00:58:38,249 mass on stage. 1635 00:58:38,250 --> 00:58:39,809 You should try it one day. 1636 00:58:39,810 --> 00:58:40,810 So. 1637 00:58:41,230 --> 00:58:43,319 So the first ninety nine point ninety 1638 00:58:43,320 --> 00:58:45,239 nine percent of the cable will be in 1639 00:58:45,240 --> 00:58:47,399 vacuum and then 1640 00:58:47,400 --> 00:58:50,039 the last bit, the last 30 kilometers. 1641 00:58:50,040 --> 00:58:51,749 So so you know, one hundred forty four 1642 00:58:51,750 --> 00:58:53,879 thousand minus 30, that's 1643 00:58:53,880 --> 00:58:55,049 30 kilometers. 1644 00:58:55,050 --> 00:58:56,759 You would be in the air and then you 1645 00:58:56,760 --> 00:58:59,129 would feel the air becoming thicker 1646 00:58:59,130 --> 00:59:00,389 and of course, high in the atmosphere. 1647 00:59:00,390 --> 00:59:01,649 You have some winds, you know, you have 1648 00:59:01,650 --> 00:59:02,729 the jet stream. 1649 00:59:02,730 --> 00:59:04,559 But at that stage, you will still be in 1650 00:59:04,560 --> 00:59:06,629 your little cabin until you reach about 1651 00:59:06,630 --> 00:59:07,829 3000 meters 1652 00:59:08,850 --> 00:59:10,529 when you can basically get off the lift 1653 00:59:10,530 --> 00:59:11,530 if you want. 1654 00:59:12,420 --> 00:59:14,009 One last question from number one. 1655 00:59:14,010 --> 00:59:15,839 Please make a chart if you can. 1656 00:59:15,840 --> 00:59:17,609 Of course. Thank you, Mr. President, for 1657 00:59:17,610 --> 00:59:18,610 the nice talk 1658 00:59:20,040 --> 00:59:21,150 of actually. 1659 00:59:25,480 --> 00:59:26,949 My question is quite similar to the one 1660 00:59:26,950 --> 00:59:29,199 from Mike to just now, but 1661 00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:31,089 not the question who would own the moon 1662 00:59:31,090 --> 00:59:33,409 but who would own the elevator? 1663 00:59:33,410 --> 00:59:35,529 Because if you're not the president 1664 00:59:35,530 --> 00:59:38,139 of the world, obviously 1665 00:59:38,140 --> 00:59:40,659 in space, things go far better together 1666 00:59:40,660 --> 00:59:42,909 than on Earth, like an ISIS 1667 00:59:42,910 --> 00:59:44,169 and something. 1668 00:59:44,170 --> 00:59:46,929 But due to the cost of the elevator, 1669 00:59:46,930 --> 00:59:48,429 what do you think? Will it be a public 1670 00:59:48,430 --> 00:59:50,619 project like with either NASA or will 1671 00:59:50,620 --> 00:59:52,299 it be something like SpaceX and private 1672 00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:53,269 investors? 1673 00:59:53,270 --> 00:59:54,909 That's a very interesting question. 1674 00:59:54,910 --> 00:59:57,159 My my pretty and I really 1675 00:59:57,160 --> 00:59:59,349 haven't thought this through, 1676 00:59:59,350 --> 01:00:01,449 but my answer would be very 1677 01:00:01,450 --> 01:00:02,979 likely it's going to be private because 1678 01:00:02,980 --> 01:00:05,559 the benefits are really intrapreneur 1679 01:00:05,560 --> 01:00:07,629 benefits by getting 1680 01:00:07,630 --> 01:00:09,729 material from the moon or building big 1681 01:00:09,730 --> 01:00:11,799 infrastructures in space that offer 1682 01:00:11,800 --> 01:00:12,800 services. 1683 01:00:13,860 --> 01:00:15,759 So so I would guess would be private. 1684 01:00:15,760 --> 01:00:17,229 And then your question is very relevant 1685 01:00:17,230 --> 01:00:19,509 because it's a huge, powerful 1686 01:00:19,510 --> 01:00:22,069 piece of infrastructure. 1687 01:00:22,070 --> 01:00:24,189 Is that even possible to have a private 1688 01:00:24,190 --> 01:00:27,279 entity owning it without 1689 01:00:27,280 --> 01:00:29,289 interfering with national interest and 1690 01:00:29,290 --> 01:00:31,209 national strategic interests? 1691 01:00:31,210 --> 01:00:32,769 Because in the end, you could bomb any 1692 01:00:32,770 --> 01:00:34,929 place on the Earth from that elevator 1693 01:00:34,930 --> 01:00:37,239 if you want. So perhaps some nations 1694 01:00:37,240 --> 01:00:38,739 are not very happy to have a private 1695 01:00:38,740 --> 01:00:40,449 company controlling this thing. 1696 01:00:40,450 --> 01:00:42,069 And that is a little bit also addressed 1697 01:00:42,070 --> 01:00:43,959 if you if you read Arthur C. 1698 01:00:43,960 --> 01:00:45,729 Clarke's Fountain of Paradise, because 1699 01:00:45,730 --> 01:00:48,429 then this whole problem becomes 1700 01:00:48,430 --> 01:00:49,359 very clear. 1701 01:00:49,360 --> 01:00:51,309 And I don't have a good answer for you. 1702 01:00:51,310 --> 01:00:52,239 Sorry. 1703 01:00:52,240 --> 01:00:53,240 Thank you. 1704 01:00:53,900 --> 01:00:54,799 So we are out of time. 1705 01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:56,389 Please thank our future president.